Anti-TUBB3 monoclonal antibody, clone TEM.4E21

The amniotic fluid contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and can be readily available for tissue engineering. Regenerative treatments such as tissue engineering, cell therapy, and transplantation show potential in clinical trials of degenerative diseases. Disease presentation and clinical responses in the Canis familiaris not only are physiologically similar to human compared with other traditional mammalian models but is also a suitable model for human diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether canine amniotic-fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAF-MSCs) can differentiate into neural precursor cells in vitro when exposed to neural induction reagent. During neural differentiation, cAF-MSCs progressively acquire neuron-like morphology. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of neural-specific genes, such as NEFL, NSE, and TUBB3 (beta III-tubulin) dramatically increased in the differentiated cAF-MSCs after induction. In addition, protein expression levels of nestin, beta III-tubulin, and tyrosine hydroxylase remarkably increased in differentiated cAF-MSCs. This study demonstrates that cAF-MSCs have great potential for neural precursor differentiation in vitro. Therefore, amniotic fluid may be a suitable alternative source of stem cells and can be applied to cell therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.

Class-III-beta-tubulin (TUBB3) expression may be a potential predictive factor for treatment with microtubule interfering cytotoxic drugs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Potential changes in TUBB3 expression during chemotherapy may be of interest if future choice of chemotherapy is to be based on TUBB3 expression. If the biomarker expression changes during chemotherapy, biopsies before initiation of chemotherapy beyond first line may be needed if treatment decision is to be based on TUBB3 expression. Thus, the aim was to explore TUBB3 expression heterogeneity and changes during chemotherapy. TUBB3 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry performed on diagnostic biopsies and on available subsequent resection specimens in 65 NSCLC patients stage T1-3N0-2 who received neoadjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel (NAC-group). Another group of 53 NSCLC patients stage T1-4N0-1 was treated with surgery alone without preceding chemotherapy (OP-group). Paired repeated samples were compared in order to evaluate for changes in TUBB3 expression. No statistically significant change in TUBB3 expression was observed between initial diagnostic biopsies and subsequent surgical resections of primary tumors in either the OP-group (p = 0.124) or the NAC-group (p = 0.414). When dichotomized into high and low TUBB3 expression, discordance between diagnostic biopsies and resection specimens of the primary tumors occurred in 22 % and 40 % in the OP-group and NAC-group, respectively (p = 0.169). Significantly more patients having low TUBB3 expression experienced down-staging during neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to patients having high TUBB3 expression (p = 0.022). A high degree of discordance of TUBB3 expression between paired repeated tumor samples was observed, which likely reflects intratumoral heterogeneity. This emphasizes a need for optimal tumor tissue samples in order to stratify patients based on TUBB3 expression. No significant changes in TUBB3 expression after neoadjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy occurred, suggesting no need for rebiopsy in case second-line chemotherapy with microtubule interfering cytotoxic treatments is necessary.