Anti-TNF alpha polyclonal antibody [Biotin]

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a virus that induces pathogenic inflammatory host immune responses, is re-emerging worldwide, and there are currently no established antiviral control measures. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective -Ca2+-permeable ion channel, has been found to regulate various host inflammatory responses including several viral infections. Immune responses to CHIKV infection in host macrophages have been reported recently. However, the possible involvement of TRPV1 during CHIKV infection in host macrophages has not been studied. Here, we investigated the possible role of TRPV1 in CHIKV infection of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. It was found that CHIKV infection upregulates TRPV1 expression in macrophages. To confirm this observation, the TRPV1- specific modulators 5'-iodoresiniferatoxin (5' -IRTX, a TRPV1 antagonist) and resiniferatoxin (RTX, a TRPV1 agonist) were used. Our results indicated that TRPV1 inhibition leads to a reduction in CHIKV infection, whereas TRPV1 activation significantly enhances CHIKV infection. Using a plaque assay and a time-of-addition assay, it was observed that functional modulation of TRPV1 affects the early stages of the viral lifecycle in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, CHIKV infection was found to induce of pNF-.B (p65) expression and nuclear localization. However, both activation and inhibition of TRPV1 were found to enhance the expression and nuclear localization of pNF-.B (p65) and production of pro-inflammatory TNF and IL-6 during CHIKV infection. In addition, it was demonstrated by -Ca2+ imaging that TRPV1 regulates -Ca2+ influx during CHIKV infection. Hence, the current findings highlight a potentially important regulatory role of TRPV1 during CHIKV infection in macrophages. This study might also have broad implications in the context of other viral infections as well.

Gut microbiota is the collection of microbes that lives in the host. Glycan is the major factor to shape the composition of microbial community. Nostoc sphaeroids Kutz (NSK) has been used as food and medicine for thousands of years in Asian countries while the bioactivity on gut microbiota is unclear till now. Here, we used NSK polysaccharide and NSK powder to investigate the bioactivity on the gut microbiota of C57BL/6j mice, respectively. By 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, we found the composition of gut microbiota had been changed and differed from each other. However, the abundance of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella and Parasutterella on genus level were significantly increased by NSK polysaccharide and NSK powder. In addition, Akkermansia and Rikenellaceae were enriched by NSK powder. Moreover, we found the IL-1 beta and IL-6 decreased significantly while TNF-alpha and IL-10 increased significantly especially in NSK powder group. Intriguingly, the increased microbes were significantly positively co-related with TNF-alpha and IL-10 while negatively co-related with IL-1 beta and IL-6 by co-relation and network analysis. The above results suggested that Nostoc sphaeroids Kutz may selectively enrich a "core bacterial community" and add new evidence to discover how Nostoc sphaeroids Kutz has biological function. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.