Rabbit Anti-Human GPR172B (a.a. 235-284) Polyclonal antibody

Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), also known as glutaric acidemia type II, is classically caused by a congenital defect in electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or ETF dehydrogenase (ETFDH). Flavin adenine dinucleotide synthase (FADS) deficiency caused by mutations in FLAD1 was recently reported as a novel riboflavin metabolism disorder resembling MADD. Here, we describe a Japanese boy with FADS deficiency due to a novel mutation (p.R249*) in FLAD1. In the asymptomatic male infant born at full term, newborn screening showed positive results with elevated C5 and C14:1 acylcarnitine levels and an increased C14: 1/C2 ratio. Biochemical studies were unremarkable except for lactic acidosis (pH 7.197, lactate 61 mg/dL). A diagnosis of MADD was suspected because of mild abnormalities of the acylcarnitine profile and apparent abnormalities of urinary organic acids, although mutations in the ETFA, ETFB, ETFDH, and riboflavin transporter genes (SLC52A1, SLC52A2, and SLC52A3) were not detected. Administration of riboflavin and L-carnitine was initiated at one month of age based on the diagnosis of "biochemical MADD" despite a lack of symptoms. Nevertheless, the acylcarnitine profile was not normalized. Symptoms resembling bulbar palsy, such as vocal cord paralysis and dyspnea with stridor, were present from 3 months of age. At 4 months of age, he became bedridden because of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to fulminant respiratory failure with aspiration pneumonia. At 2 years and 5 months of age, a homozygous c.745C > T (p.R249*) mutation in the FLAD1 gene was identified, confirming the diagnosis of FADS deficiency. His severe clinical course may be caused by this nonsense mutation associated with poor responsiveness to riboflavin. Persistent lactic acidosis and neuropathy, such as bulbar palsy, may be important for diagnosing FADS deficiency. Although the biochemical findings in FADS deficiency are similar to those in MADD, their clinical symptoms and severity may not be identical. (C) 2019 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Subramanian VS, Ghosal A, Subramanya SB, Lytle C, Said HM. Differentiation-dependent regulation of intestinal vitamin B2 uptake: studies utilizing human-derived intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and native rat intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 304: G741-G748, 2013. First published February 14, 2013; doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00018.2013.-Intestinal epithelial cells undergo differentiation as they move from the crypt to the villi, a process that is associated with up-and downregulation in expression of a variety of genes, including those involved in nutrient absorption. Whether the intestinal uptake process of vitamin B2 [riboflavin (RF)] also undergoes differentiation-dependent regulation and the mechanism through which this occurs are not known. We used humanderived intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and native rat intestine as models to address these issues. Caco-2 cells showed a significantly higher carrier-mediated RF uptake in post-than preconfluent cells. This upregulation was associated with a significantly higher level of protein and mRNA expression of the RF transporters hRFVT-1 and hRFVT-3 in the post-than preconfluent cells; it was also accompanied with a significantly higher rate of transcription of the respective genes (SLC52A1 and SLC52A3), as indicated by the higher level of expression of heterogeneous nuclear RNA and higher promoter activity in post-than preconfluent cells. Studies with native rat intestine also showed a significantly higher RF uptake by epithelial cells of the villus tip than epithelial cells of the crypt; this again was accompanied by a significantly higher level of expression of the rat RFVT-1 and RFVT-3 at the protein, mRNA, and heterogeneous nuclear RNA levels. These findings show, for the first time, that the intestinal RF uptake process undergoes differentiation-dependent upregulation and suggest that this is mediated (at least in part) via transcriptional mechanisms.