Anti-S. cerevisiae HSP31 Polyclonal antibody

Plant evolution has produced enzymes that may not be optimal for maximizing yield and quality in today's agricultural environments and plant biotechnology applications. By improving enzyme performance, it should be possible to alleviate constraints on yield and quality currently imposed by kinetic properties or enzyme instability. Enzymes can be optimized more quickly than naturally possible by applying directed evolution, which entails mutating a target gene in vitro and screening or selecting the mutated gene products for the desired characteristics. Continuous directed evolution is a more efficient and scalable version that accomplishes the mutagenesis and selection steps simultaneously in vivo via error-prone replication of the target gene and coupling of the host cell's growth rate to the target gene's function. However, published continuous systems require custom plasmid assembly, and convenient multipurpose platforms are not available. We discuss two systems suitable for continuous directed evolution of enzymes, OrthoRep inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand EvolvR inEscherichia coli, and our pilot efforts to adapt each system for high-throughput plant enzyme engineering. To test our modified systems, we used the thiamin synthesis enzyme THI4, previously identified as a prime candidate for improvement. Our adapted OrthoRep system shows promise for efficient plant enzyme engineering.

The aim of this study was to elucidate some fundamental variables for applying baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to natural indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) dyeing. The variables of pH control, bath reuse, scale-up of reduction bath, and repeat dyeing were chosen for this study. The reducing power was evaluated based on the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and the color yield (K/Svalue) of ramie fabric dyed. When the pH was not controlled,K/Shigher than 12 lasted for only 3 days. With pH control, the duration was extended to 29-36 days. By supplementing yeast at the end of reduction, the reducing power was revived for approximately 30 days. A deeper and darker blue color was obtained for all fabrics, including cotton, ramie, wool, and nylon 6, by repeat dyeing than by one-time dyeing. Additionally, wool and nylon 6 showed broader blue color spectra than cotton and ramie. With pH control and repeated dyeing in the scale-up bath, yeast reduction could be developed into a microbial indigo dyeing process as an alternative to conventional chemical reduction.