Anti-PON2 (aa 81-110) polyclonal antibody

Introduction and objective: Understanding the interactionsamong atherosclerotic plaque components and arterial macrophages, is essential for elucidating the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis. We assessed the effects of lesion extracts on macrophages. Methods: Mouse peritoneal macrophages from atherosclerotic normoglycemic or hyperglycemic apoE(-/)-mice were incubated with aortic aqueous or with aortic lipidic extracts (mAAE or mALE) derived from these mice. In parallel, J774A. 1 cultured macrophages were incubated with increasing concentrations of extracts prepared from human carotid lesions: polar lesion aqueous extract (hLAE), nonpolar lesion lipid extract (hLLE), or with their combination. In all the above systems we performed analyses of macrophage oxidative status, cholesterol, and triglyceride metabolism. Results: Aqueous or lipid extracts from either mice aorta or from human carotid lesions significantly increased macrophage oxidative stress as determined by reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis. In parallel, a compensatory increase in the cellular antioxidant paraoxonase2 (PON2) activity and in macrophage glutathione content were observed following incubation with all extracts. Macrophage triglyceride mass and triglyceride biosynthesis rate were both significantly increased following treatment with the lipid extracts, secondary to upregulation of DGAT1. All extracts decreased cholesterol biosynthesis rate, through downregulation of HMGCR, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. The combination of the human lesion extracts had the most significant effects. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that atherosclerotic plaque constituents enhance macrophage cellular oxidative stress, and accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides, as shown in both in vivo and in vitro model systems. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

We discuss two technology options beyond NG-PON2, including energy-efficient digital coherent interleaved frequency division multiple access (IFDMA)-WDM which enables elastic bandwidth provisioning and OCDMA-WDM using wavelength-flattened en/decoder which highlights 10Gb/s symmeric bandwidth provisioning per subscriber.