Mouse anti-Mouse OVA peptide (257-264) bound to H-2Kb complex monoclonal antibody, clone 25-D1.16 [PE]

Aims This study aimed at investigating the impact of Dicrocoelium ova on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) treatment in C57BL6 mice. Methods and Results Twenty-eight C57BL/6 mice were assigned into four groups as PBS, prophylaxis (P), treatment1 (T1) and treatment2 (T2). Prior to induction of EAE in prophylaxis group and on days 7 and 18 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively, Dicrocoelium eggs were injected intraperitoneally to each mouse. The clinical score, weight changes and incidence time of EAE were recorded. IFN-gamma and IL-4 expression is quantified on spleen cells. Also, histopathological study by (H&E) and Toluidine-Blue (TB), and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) were performed. The data were analysed using SPSS version 21. Mean disease scores were significantly lower in P and T1 groups than the PBS group (P = .01). IFN-gamma was lower in P and T1 groups than the PBS group. The highest level of IL-4 was observed in T1 group. The total number of neuroglia cells of corpus callosum was similar in all groups, but the density increased in T1 group compared to the PBS group (P = .03). Conclusions Dicrocoelium eggs have a great potential to stimulate immunomodulation towards treatment of EAE during the initial phase.

Theileria annulata is a protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks to cattle. The most important processes of T. annulata are the infection and transformation of host monocytes, which promote cell division and generate a neoplastic phenotype. Dendritic cells play an important role in the development of adaptive immune responses against parasites and are traditionally classified into four types. One type of dendritic cell derived from afferent lymph was successfully transformed by T. annulata in vitro in a previous report. However, whether the monocyte-derived dendritic cells could be transformed and how the endocytic function is affected by T. annulata infection were not yet known. Bovine dendritic cells (DCs) derived from blood CD14(+) monocytes were co-cultured with T. annulata sporozoites in vitro. On day 15 post infection, rounded and continuously proliferating cells were observed. The effect of this transformation on cell phenotype was studied using immunostaining and flow cytometry. After transformation, the cells maintained the expression of the DC-specific marker CD11c, but it was downregulated as were the expression of CD11b, CD14 and CD86. In contrast, CD205, CD45 and MHC class. molecules were upregulated in transformed cells. The levels of CD172a, CD21, CD40 and CD80 expression were very low in the transformed cells (< 1 %). However, the transformed cells maintained high expression levels of MHC. (> 99 %). In addition, the normal and transformed DCs were cocultured with OVA-FITC antigen to compare the differences of the endocytic functions between these two types of cells. The results revealed that the endocytic functions of MoDCs were significantly inhibited after transformation by T. annulata.