MACD e-ICIC: a dynamic LTE interference coordination method based on trend and trading know-how
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Authors: de Melo, Yuri V. L.; de Sousa, Vicente A., Jr.; Maciel, Tarcisio F.
Abstract
Mobile communications are preparing for the incredible changes from 4th Generation (4G) to 5th Generation (5G) in the coming years. In this new generation, co-channel interference is one of the critical challenges to be tackled due to network densification by providing high data rates through several macro and small cells working together, configuring the so-called Heterogeneous Network (HetNet). The umbrella of 3GPP system (including LTE and its evolution towards 5G) provides the Almost Blank Subframe (ABS) as a scheme of the Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (e-ICIC) framework to mitigate interference among macro and small cells. The ABS mutes some of the macro cell transmissions in selected subframes to decrease interference to small cells, thus orthogonalizing macro and small cell transmissions in time-domain. In this paper, we use a moving average convergence/divergence technique based on trading know-how to propose a real time ABS e-ICIC algorithm. Our proof-of-concept simulation results show relative capacity gains of 112% compared to the case without ABS.
Glacial-interglacial dust and export production records from the Southern Indian Ocean
EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS
Authors: Thole, Lena M.; Amsler, H. Eri; Moretti, Simone; Auderset, Alexandra; Gilgannon, James; Lippold, Joerg; Vogel, Hendrik; Crosta, Xavier; Mazaud, Alain; Michel, Elisabeth; Martinez-Garcia, Alfredo; Jaccard, Samuel L.
Abstract
We present Th-230-normalized dust and export production fluxes for two contrasted marine sediment cores spanning the Antarctic Polar Front, close to the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Indian Ocean, covering the last glacial cycle. We report glacial lithogenic fluxes comparable to the South Atlantic and higher than in the South Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean. Structural and temporal discrepancies with dust reconstructions from Antarctic ice cores and the Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ) point towards Southern Africa and/or the Kerguelen Plateau as an additional source of lithogenic material to the Southern Indian Ocean during the last ice age. In the SAZ, export production proxies respond to iron (Fe) fertilization with total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes as high as those previously reported from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. However, the correlation between export production and dust proxies is weaker than in the other sectors, and shows a muted response of export production during peak glacials. We hypothesize that this muted response may be related to macronutrient (co-)limitation imposed on phytoplankton growth possibly induced by a northward displacement of wind-driven upwelling and/or the polar frontal system during peak glacials. The Antarctic Zone (AZ) record depicts the typical pattern of enhanced export production during interglacials and comparatively low productivity during glacials suggesting a decrease in the supply of macronutrients to the AZ surface during ice ages compared to warm periods, as previously proposed. However, a muted response of opal fluxes during marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e argues for a southward migration of the frontal system during warmer MIS 5e, possibly causing silicic acid (co-)limitation at this site. These results illustrate the important role of Fe fertilization and changes in wind-driven upwelling intensities in modulating the strength and efficiency of the biological carbon pump in the Southern Ocean, but also highlight the potential role of frontal movements in explaining export production variability at sites located close to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) fronts. Overall, our new datasets provide new insights on the regional differences in dust and export production patterns that need to be considered in order to evaluate the efficiency of carbon sequestration in the different sectors of the Southern Ocean during ice ages. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.