Anti-HYAL1 polyclonal antibody

The crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) is endangered worldwide. Although a series of conservation measures have markedly increased the population size and distribution area of these birds, the high mortality of embryos and nestlings considerably decreases the survival potential of this bird species. High-throughput sequencing technology was utilized to compare whole genomes between ten samples from dead crested ibises (including six dead embryos and four dead nestlings aged 0-45 days) and 32 samples from living birds. The results indicated that the dead samples all shared the genetic background of a specific ancestral subpopulation. Furthermore, the dead individuals were less genetically diverse and suffered higher degrees of inbreeding compared with these measures in live birds. Several candidate genes (KLHL3, SETDB2, TNNT2, PKP1, AK1, and EXOSC3) associated with detrimental diseases were identified in the genomic regions that differed between the alive and dead samples, which are likely responsible for the death of embryos and nestlings. In addition, in these regions, we also found several genes involved in the protein catabolic process (UBE4A and LONP1), lipid metabolism (ACOT1), glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (HYAL1 and HYAL4), and the immune system (JAM2) that are likely to promote the normal development of embryos and nestlings. The aberrant conditions of these genes and biological processes may contribute to the death of embryos and nestlings. Our data identify congenital factors underlying the death of embryos and nestlings at the whole genome level, which may be useful toward informing more effective conservation efforts for this bird species.

Purpose: We examined the expression of 2 bladder tumor markers, hyaluronic acid (HA) and hyaluronidase (HAase), in bladder tissues and correlated tissue staining with the inferences of the HA-HAase urine test, which detects bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: A biotinylated HA binding protein and an antiHYAL1 antibody were used to localize HA and HYAL1 type HAase, respectively, in 83 bladder tissues. Immunoblot analysis was performed using an antiHYAL1 antibody to detect HYAL1. Results: A total of 12 normal bladder tissues showed no (66%) to 1+ (34%) HA staining and 0 (83%) to 1+ (17%) HYAL1 staining. The staining intensity of HA and HYAL1 increased in 71 bladder tumor specimens on chi-square analysis (p <0.001). Grade 1 tumors demonstrated 1+ (50%) to 2+ (50%) staining for HA and 1+ to 3+ staining for HYAL1 (37%, 37% and 26%, respectively). Grades 2 and 3 tumors showed 2+ to 3+ HA.(94%) and HYAL1 (79%) staining. HA was expressed in tumor associated stroma and in tumor cells, whereas only tumor cells expressed HYAL1. In bladder tumor tissues HYAL1 expression was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. In 33 of the 34 patients (97%) with bladder cancer from whom urine and tumor tissue specimens were obtained at the same time 2+ to 3+ staining of HA and/or HYAL1 in 12 and 21, respectively, constituted a positive HA-HAase urine test ( = 0.945). Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first report of HA localization in bladder tissues and of HYAL1 in any normal or tumor tissue. A close correlation of elevated HA and HYAL1 levels in tumor tissues with a positive HA-HAase urine test indicates that in patients with bladder cancer tumor associated HA and HYAL1 are secreted in urine, causing the HA-HAase test to be positive.