AAV5-miHTT Lowers Huntingtin mRNA and Protein without Off-Target Effects in Patient-Derived Neuronal Cultures and Astrocytes
MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Keskin, Sonay; Brouwers, Cynthia C.; Sogorb-Gonzalez, Marina; Martier, Raygene; Depla, Josse A.; Valles, Astrid; van Deventer, Sander J.; Konstantinova, Pavlina; Evers, Melvin M.
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative genetic disorder, thought to reflect a toxic gain of function in huntingtin (Htt) protein. Adeno-associated viral vector serotype 5 (AAV5)- microRNA targeting huntingtin (miHTT) is a HD gene-therapy candidate that efficiently lowers HTT using RNAi. This study analyzed the efficacy and potential for offtarget effects with AAV5-miHTT in neuronal and astrocyte cell cultures differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two individuals with HD (HD71 and HD180). One-time AAV5-miHTT treatment significantly reduced human HTT mRNA by 57% and Htt protein by 68% in neurons. Small RNA sequencing showed that mature miHTT was processed correctly without off-target passenger strand. No cellular microRNAs were dysregulated, indicating that endogenous RNAi machinery was unaffected by miHTT overexpression. qPCR validation of in silico-predicted off-target transcripts, next-generation sequencing, and pathway analysis confirmed absence of dysregulated genes due to sequence homology or seed-sequence activity of miHTT. Minor effects on gene expression were observed in both AAV5-miHTT and AAV5-GFP-treated samples, suggesting that they were due to viral transduction rather than miHTT. This study confirms the efficacy of AAV5-miHTT in HD patient iPSC-derived neuronal cultures and lack of off-target effects in gene expression and regulation in neuronal cells and astrocytes.
Identified handover tools and techniques in high-risk domains: Using distributed situation awareness theory to inform current practices
SAFETY SCIENCE
Authors: Clark, Jediah R.; Stanton, Neville A.; Revell, Kirsten M. A.
Abstract
In high-risk domains, poor shift handover has been identified as a key contributing factor in many incidents. This raises the question of: how can personnel collaborate effectively during shift changes? The vast majority of handover literature relates mainly to healthcare, aviation, energy generation and distribution domains. This review identified 19 distinct handover tools/techniques (HTTs) that domains employ to improve handover communication. The most prevalent HTT is standardisation in the form of a structured checklist, followed by the bidirectional exchange of information. This review assesses and summarises HTTs using 'distributed situation awareness' theory, and provides a comprehensive review on what is currently practised in high-risk domain handover, as well as a discussion around their potential contribution to raising distributed situation awareness.