Targeting the I kappa B Kinase Enhancer and Its Feedback Circuit in Pancreatic Cancer
TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY
Authors: Challa, Sridevi; Husain, Kazim; Kim, Richard; Coppola, Domenico; Batra, Surinder K.; Cheng, Jin Q.; Malafa, Mokenge P.
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly disease with an overall median 5-year survival rate of 8%. This poor prognosis is because of the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy and lack of effective targeted therapies. I kappa B kinase enhancer (IKBKE) overexpression was previously implicated in chemoresistance. Because IKBKE is frequently elevated in PDAC and IKBKE inhibitors are currently in clinical trials, we evaluated IKBKE as a therapeutic target in this disease. Depletion of IKBKE was found to significantly reduce PDAC cell survival, growth, cancer stem cell renewal, and cell migration and invasion. Notably, IKBKE inhibitor CYT387 and IKBKE knockdown dramatically activated the MAPK pathway. Phospho-RTK array analyses showed that IKBKE inhibition leads to rapid upregulation of ErbB3 and IGF-1R expression, which results in MAPK-ERK pathway activation-thereby limiting the efficacy of IKBKE inhibitors. Furthermore, IKBKE inhibition leads to stabilization of FOXO3a, which is required for RTK upregulation on IKBKE inhibition. Finally, we demonstrated that the IKBKE inhibitors synergize with the MEK inhibitor trametinib to significantly induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth and liver metastasis in an orthotopic PDAC mouse model.
Macrophage infiltration and genetic landscape of undifferentiated uterine sarcomas
JCI INSIGHT
Authors: Przybyl, Joanna; Kowalewska, Magdalena; Quattrone, Anna; Dewaele, Barbara; Vanspauwen, Vanessa; Varma, Sushama; Vennam, Sujay; Newman, Aaron M.; Swierniak, Michal; Bakula-Zalewska, Elwira; Siedlecki, Janusz A.; Bidzinski, Mariusz; Cools, Jan; van de Rijn, Matt; Debiec-Rychter, Maria
Abstract
Endometrial stromal tumors include translocation-associated low-and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) and highly malignant undifferentiated uterine sarcomas (UUS). UUS is considered a poorly defined group of aggressive tumors and is often seen as a diagnosis of exclusion after ESS and leiomyosarcoma (LMS) have been ruled out. We performed a comprehensive analysis of gene expression, copy number variation, point mutations, and immune cell infiltrates in the largest series to date of all major types of uterine sarcomas to shed light on the biology of UUS and to identify potential novel therapeutic targets. We show that UUS tumors have a distinct molecular profile from LMS and ESS. Gene expression and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of high numbers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in UUS, which makes UUS patients suitable candidates for therapies targeting TAMs. Our results show a high genomic instability of UUS and downregulation of several TP53-mediated tumor suppressor genes, such as NDN, CDH11, and NDRG4. Moreover, we demonstrate that UUS carry somatic mutations in several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes implicated in RAS/PI3K/AKT/mTOR, ERBB3, and Hedgehog signaling.