Rabbit Anti-Human DAP (C-terminal) Polyclonal antibody

Objectives: To identify a dose as low as diagnostically acceptable and a threshold level of image quality for cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging root canals, using maxillary first molar (M1M) second mesiobuccal (MB2) canals of varying complexity for two CBCT scanners. Methods: Dose-area product (DAP) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured for two scanners at a range of exposure parameters. Subjective-image-quality assessment at the same exposures was performed for three M1Ms of varying MB2 complexity, positioned in an anthropomorphic phantom. Nine raters (three endodontists, three dental radiologists and three junior staff) assessed canal visibility, using a 5-point confidence scale rating. Results: Identification of simple-moderate MB2 canal complexity was achieved at a range of protocols, with DAP values of >= 209.3 and >= 203.2 mGy cm(2) and CNRs of 3 and 7.6 for Proma (R) 3D and Accuitomo-F170 (R) respectively. For complex canal anatomy, target subjective image quality was not achieved, even at the highest DAP values for both scanners. Junior staff classified significantly more images as undiagnostic compared with senior staff (p = 0.043). Conclusions: In this first study to address optimisation of CBCT imaging of root canal anatomy, a similar threshold dose for both scanners was identified for M1Ms with simple-moderate MB2 canal complexity. Increasing dose to enhance visualisation of more complex canal anatomy was ineffective. Selection of standard protocols (while avoiding lower kV/mA protocols) instead of high-resolution scans was a practical means of reducing patient dose. CNR is not a transferable measure of image quality.

Precision agriculture and optimum fertigation are effective tools to obtain economical crop production. A multi seasonal experiment was conducted on corn at Faisalabad, Pakistan during autumn seasons of 2017 and 2018 to optimize the use of fertilizers and explore the effects of precision agriculture on crop production and fertilizer savings under drip irrigation. Three rates of recommended dose of fertigation (RDF) i.e. 125%, 100% and75% RDF under precise application of fertilizer (PAF) and recommended application of fertilizer (RAF) were evaluated in terms of crop response and fertilizer saving. According to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentration in soil, the experimental field was divided into three fertility zones (high, medium and low) using kriging and overlay analysis for fertigation under PAF. Fertilizers under PAF were applied according to soil fertility level, whereas fertilizers under RAF were applied as per recommendations (N:P:K=250:125:125 kg/ha). The results showed 65% irrigation water saving. The results regarding crop parameters showed that the treatments under 125% RDF with RAF produced the highest plant height (176.3 cm), grain yield (8.43 t/ha), crop dry matter (17.97 t/ha) and water productivity (4.79 kg/m(3)). Although the treatments under RAF produced better grain yield (7.9 t/ha) as compared to that under PAF (6.73 t/ha) but the treatments under PAF saved urea by 48%, DAP by 39% and SOP by 100% and eventually produced higher benefit cost ratio:BCR (3.17) as compared to that under RAF (2.42). Therefore, it is recommended that precision agriculture should be adopted for economical crop production and environmental protection.