Anti-CPM monoclonal antibody, clone FQS9163

Background Memantine, currently available for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, is an uncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type of glutamate receptors. Under normal physiologic conditions, these unstimulated receptor ion channels are blocked by magnesium ions, which are displaced after agonist-induced depolarization. In humans, memantine administration is associated with different gastrointestinal dysmotility side effects (vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, motor-mediated abdominal pain), thus limiting its clinical use. Mechanism of these motility disorders has not been clarified yet. Pigs can be used in various preclinical experiments due to their relatively very similar gastrointestinal functions compared to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a single and repeated doses of memantine on porcine gastric myoelectric activity evaluated by means of electrogastrography (EGG). Methods Six adult female experimental pigs (Sus scrofa f. domestica, mean weight 41.7 +/- 5.0 kg) entered the study for two times. The first EGG was recorded after a single intragastric dose of memantine (20 mg). In the second part, EGG was accomplished after 7-day intragastric administration (20 mg per day). All EGG recordings were performed under general anaesthesia. Basal (15 minutes) and study recordings (120 minutes) were accomplished using an EGG stand (MMS, Enschede, the Netherlands). Running spectral analysis based on Fourier transform was used. Results were expressed as dominant frequency of gastric slow waves (DF) and power analysis (areas of amplitudes). Results Single dose of memantine significantly increased DF, from basic values (1.65 +/- 1.05 cycles per min.) to 2.86 cpm after 30 min. (p = 0.008), lasting till 75 min. (p = 0.014). Basal power (median 452; inter-quartile range 280-1312 mu V(boolean AND)2) raised after 15 min. (median 827; IQR 224-2769; p = 0.386; NS), lasting next 30 min. Repetitively administrated memantine caused important gastric arrhythmia. Basal DF after single and repeated administration was not different, however, a DF increase in the second part was more prominent (up to 3.18 +/- 2.16 after 15 and 30 min., p<0.001). In comparison with a single dose, basal power was significantly higher after repetitively administrated memantine (median 3940; IQR 69515023 mu V(boolean AND)2; p<0.001). Next dose of 20 mg memantine in the second part induced a prominent drop of power after 15 min. (median 541; IQR 328-2280 mu V(boolean AND)2; p<0.001), lasting till 120 min. (p<0.001). Conclusions Both single and repeated doses of memantine increased DF. Severe gastric arrhythmia and long-lasting low power after repeated administration might explain possible gastric dysmotility side effects in the chronic use of memantine.

This paper presents a torque performance improvement method for three-phase consequent-pole permanent magnet (PM) (CPM) machines. The key of this method is to consider torque ripple and output torque simultaneously in CPM machines. This method is realized by adopting optimized six-layer winding and Halbach PMs array. The optimized six-layer winding is employed to reduce the torque ripple by suppressing the even-order harmonics in phase back electromotive forces (back-EMFs). The principles of both even-order harmonics in phase back-EMFs and torque ripple suppression by the optimized six-layer winding are illustrated. There will be a slight reduction of main harmonic back-EMF due to multilayer winding, then resulting in slightly lower torque production. Hence, the Halbach PMs array are adopted to compensate the output torque. Therefore, the proposed CPM machine has similar output torque with the conventional CPM machine. However, the torque ripple of the proposed CPM is much lower than conventional CPM machine. Meanwhile, the PM utilization ratio can be increased more than 37% compared with the conventional SPM machine. Finally, the theoretical analyses are verified by the finite-element method.