Rabbit Anti-Human CA2 Polyclonal antibody

Spirulina platensishas been found to be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The present study aims to elucidate the effects of ethanol extract and butanol fraction ofS. platensison insulin release and glucose homoeostasis in type 2 diabetic rats, together with their mechanism of actions.In vitroandin vivomethods were used including cellular studies to determine potential role of ion channels and cAMP in the insulinotropic actions of the extracts. The ethanol extract and butanol fraction stimulated insulin release from mouse islets and pancreatic beta-cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The butanol fraction also similarly stimulated insulin release from perfused rat pancreas. The insulin-releasing action was augmented by glucose, isobutylmethylxanthine, tolbutamide and a depolarising concentration of KCl. The insulin secretory effect was attenuated with diazoxide and verapamil and by omission of extracellular Ca2+. Butanol fraction was found to significantly inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity. Moreover, butanol fraction improved glucose tolerance following oral glucose administration (2 center dot 5 g/kg body weight (b.w.)). The butanol fraction was tested on 24 h starved rats given an oral sucrose load (2 center dot 5 g/kg b.w.) to examine possible effects on carbohydrate digestion and absorption.S. platensissubstantially decreased postprandial hyperglycaemia after oral sucrose load and increased unabsorbed sucrose content throughout the gut. Duringin situintestinal perfusion with glucose, the butanol fraction reduced glucose absorption and promoted gut motility. Finally, chronic oral administration of butanol fraction for 28 d significantly decreased blood glucose, increased plasma insulin, pancreatic insulin stores, liver glycogen and improved lipid profile. The characterisation of active compounds from butanol fraction revealed the presence ofp-coumaric acid,beta-carotene, catechin and other antioxidant polyphenols. In conclusion,S. platensiscould be an adjunctive therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes.

Nano-sized amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) have a great potential for drug transport and drug delivery because of their high drug loading capacity, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, ACC is the thermodynamically least stable phase of calcium carbonate, and such thermal metastability often transforms it into more stable vaterite or calcite phases, so the inhibition of the phase transformation of ACC is of great significance for its application in drug delivery systems. Herein, phosphate as a morphology controlling additive was introduced to stabilize the metastable ACC. The results showed that the composite nanoparticles (named here the ACCP) with narrow size distribution located at approximately 128 nm (measured by dynamic light scattering) were obtained, when Ca2+ concentration and C/P were 10 mM and 7/3 respectively, prepared at 30 degrees C for 10 mM. The powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that phosphate has an excellent ability to stabilize ACC, and even after storage for 60 days at mom temperature, the structure of ACCP remains amorphous. The in vitro drug release tests showed that ACCP nanoparticles had a high curcumin (Cur) loading capacity and a sustained drug release property. Moreover, the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay showed that ACCP-encapsulating strategy could effectively prevent the decomposition of Cur. In vitro cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that the resultants have excellent biocompatibility. Therefore, the as-prepared ACCP nanoparticles are promising for drug delivery applications.