Clostridium tetanus is a gram-positive, motile bacteria found in soil and animal faeces. C. tetanus produces the potent exotoxin which causes tetanus (lockjaw) in humans. Tetanus toxin (TeNT) acts by inhibiting neurotransmitter release leading to chronic muscle contraction, which can eventually cause respiratory failure. It binds to peripheral neuronal synapses where it is internalized and moved by retrograde transport up through the axon into the spinal cord where it can move between postsynaptic and presynaptic neurons. It inhibits neurotransmitter release by acting as a zinc endopeptidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 76-Gln-|-Phe-77 bond of synaptobrevin-2. Tetanus toxin is synthesized as a single 150kDa polypeptide chain which is cleaved by a host protease to produce a heterodimeric protein, with a disulphide bond between the N-terminal 50kDa light (L) chain and the 100kDa C-terminal heavy (H) chain responsible for the spastic paralysis. The chains are non-toxic after separation.
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