Mouse anti-Human TFEC monoclonal antibody, clone 5G22

Fluorinated carbonates such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and di-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate (TFEC) improve cycling performance and decrease parasitic reactions at high potentials. However they also decrease cell life at lower voltage ranges compared to typical organic carbonate solvents. A method of quantifying the parasitic heat flow during open circuit and voltage hold conditions was implemented using isothermal microcalorimetry on Li-ion pouch cells to investigate the effect of additives in FEC: TFEC (3: 7) and the effects of blending ethylene carbonate (EC): ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) 3: 7 with FEC: TFEC (3: 7) in order to reduce parasitic reactions during operation at 4.2 V, 4.4 V and 4.6 V. Additives were found to lower parasitic heat flow in FEC: TFEC at all operating potentials, however to less of an effect at 4.6 V. Blending EC: EMC and FEC: TFEC resulted in decreased rates of parasitic reactions at all operating potentials compared to EC: EMC alone. Cells with unblended FEC: TFEC exhibited the lowest parasitic heat flow at 4.4 V and 4.6 V, although they produced more gas than EC: EMC containing blends. This work demonstrates the advantage of blending fluorinated carbonates with traditional solvents, particularly during use at low operating potentials, as well as demonstrating some advantages of fluorinated carbonates for high voltage lithium ion battery applications. (C) 2016 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Background: The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a specialized monolayer of epithelial cells that forms a tight barrier surrounding the neural retina. RPE cells are indispensable for mature photoreceptor renewal and survival, yet how the initial RPE cell population expands around the neural retina during eye development is poorly understood. Results: Here we characterize the differentiation, proliferation, and movements of RPE progenitors in the Zebrafish embryo over the period of optic cup morphogenesis. RPE progenitors are present in the dorsomedial eye vesicle shortly after eye vesicle evagination. We define two separate phases that allow for full RPE expansion. The first phase involves a previously uncharacterized antero-wards expansion of the RPE progenitor domain in the inner eye vesicle leaflet, driven largely by an increase in cell number. During this phase, RPE progenitors start to express differentiation markers. In the second phase, the progenitor domain stretches in the dorsoventral and posterior axes, involving cell movements and shape changes, and coinciding with optic cup morphogenesis. Significantly, cell division is not required for RPE expansion. Conclusions: RPE development to produce the monolayer epithelium that covers the back of the neural retina occurs in two distinct phases driven by distinct mechanisms. (C) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.