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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common type of skin cancer that originates from squamous cells, which are thin and flat cells in the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis). Although it mainly affects the skin, squamous cell carcinoma may also occur in other parts of the body, such as the mouth, throat, lungs, esophagus, cervix, and anus, all of which have squamous epithelium. Unlike some less invasive skin diseases, if not detected and treated early, squamous cell carcinoma may invade surrounding tissues and spread to other organs. Understanding its etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment plan is crucial for improving patient prognosis and reducing the burden of this disease. Skin associated SCC is one of the most common forms, accounting for approximately 20% of all non melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Non melanoma skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), is more common than melanoma, the deadliest skin cancer. However, squamous cell carcinoma is often more invasive and carries a higher risk of metastasis than basal cell carcinoma. Every year, millions of cases of squamous cell carcinoma are diagnosed worldwide. Due to various factors, including increased exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, aging population and changes in living habits, its incidence rate is rising.
Figure 1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma are very diverse, mainly depending on the location of onset and the stage of cancer development. These symptoms are mostly caused by the abnormal proliferation of squamous cells, such as surface elevation, luminal stenosis, etc. The center of the cancer tissue may undergo cell necrosis and ulceration. The treatment of squamous cell carcinoma is mainly related to factors such as specific location, stage, and degree of differentiation. The treatment of this cancer mainly includes diverse treatment methods such as surgical treatment, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. In addition, appropriate nutritional support therapy can also be helpful for patients' recovery. The prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma is also affected by various factors, such as location, staging, differentiation, age, and treatment efficacy of the tumor. In general, there is a close relationship between prognosis and tumor staging. The five-year survival rate of patients who receive treatment early is high, while the five-year survival rate of patients who receive treatment late is relatively low.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor disease classified from the perspective of histopathology, and the etiology of different types of squamous cell carcinoma varies.
| Etiology | Details |
| Skin squamous cell carcinoma | Mostly related to sunlight exposure. |
| Lung squamous cell carcinoma | Smoking is the main pathogenic factor for lung cancer. Other risk factors for disease include industrial exposure to asbestos, arsenic, uranium, nickel, chromium, air pollution, genetic factors, etc. |
| Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | Infection with human papillomavirus, smoking, alcohol consumption, chronic irritation of the esophagus, mold and its toxins, genetics, as well as unhealthy dietary habits (such as eating too quickly or too hot; high levels of nitrosamines) are also important factors in inducing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. |
| Cervical cancer | Related to factors such as age of first sexual intercourse, sexual dysfunction, multiparity, husband's extramarital sex, penile cancer, smoking, etc., in recent years, a large number of studies have shown that genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays an important role in the etiology of cervical cancer. |
Squamous cell carcinoma presents differently depending on the location and stage of occurrence. The symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma are mostly caused by abnormal proliferation of squamous cells, including surface protrusions, narrowed lumens, etc. When the local proliferation is too fast, there may be stimulation to surrounding tissues, and necrosis or ulceration may occur in the center of the cancer tissue. The following introduces several common clinical symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma.
| Etiology | Details |
| Lung squamous cell carcinoma | Early stages often cause bronchial stenosis, leading to atelectasis or obstructive pneumonia, and cancer tissue is prone to necrosis and cavitation. Clinical manifestations include:
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| Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | Dysphagia or difficulty swallowing is the most common manifestation; It may be accompanied by burning and stabbing pain behind the sternum after eating, and in the late stage, there may be radiating pain, reflux, and vomiting. |
| Cervical cancer | In the early stages, there are usually no symptoms or only symptoms similar to cervicitis, which can be easily overlooked. The most common symptoms are vaginal bleeding and increased vaginal discharge, while other symptoms are related to the location and degree of tumor invasion. |
The choice of treatment method is mainly determined based on the specific site of onset, stage, degree of differentiation, age, physical condition, etc. The following briefly selects some representative diseases to describe.
The treatment of tumors cannot be separated from nutritional support therapy. For esophageal squamous cell carcinoma that has already experienced swallowing difficulties, metastasis, bleeding, perforation, etc., it is particularly important to provide possible and necessary palliative treatment and parenteral nutrition.
After lung cancer surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy is chosen based on the patient's final pathology, TNM staging, and surgical margin. Common chemotherapy drugs include cisplatin or carboplatin+paclitaxel or albumin bound paclitaxel (or docetaxel, gemcitabine, vinorelbine, irinotecan, etoposide, vinblastine).
Surgical treatment is the best treatment for early lung cancer, which is divided into curative surgery and palliative surgery. Strive for radical resection in order to achieve optimal and thorough removal of tumors, reduce metastasis and recurrence. Early esophageal mucosal dissection or mucosal resection surgery can be performed under endoscopy, with a high complete resection rate Patients in the early to mid stage, uncontrolled or recurrent radiation therapy, and without obvious local invasion or distant metastasis can also undergo surgical resection treatment. At the same time, preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy and biological therapy should be carried out according to the condition.
Squamous cell carcinoma is an important and increasingly common form of cancer. Although its association with UV exposure has been confirmed, making it largely preventable, its incidence rate is still rising globally. The importance of public education on sun protection behavior and early detection through regular skin self examinations and professional dermatological assessments is crucial. Understanding the signs and symptoms of SCC enables individuals to seek timely medical care, ensure optimal cosmetic and treatment outcomes, and prevent potential serious consequences of advanced diseases.
| Cat. No. | Product Name | Size | Species Reactivity | Application | Detection Method | |
| DEIANS073 | Human SCCA1(Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1) ELISA Kit | 96T | Human | Quantitative | sELISA | Inquiry |
| DEIANS074 | Human SCCA2(Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 2) ELISA Kit | 96T | Human | Quantitative | sELISA | Inquiry |
| Cat. No. | Product Name | Size | Target | Species | |
| CDBP5425 | TMC6 blocking peptide | 0.05 mg | / | / | Inquiry |
| CDBP5426 | TMC6 blocking peptide | 0.05 mg | / | / | Inquiry |
| CDBP5427 | TMC8 blocking peptide | 0.05 mg | / | / | Inquiry |
| CDBP5428 | TMC8 blocking peptide | 0.05 mg | / | / | Inquiry |
| DAGC036 | Recombinant Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1 Protein (a.a.1-390) [GST] | 0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg | SERPINB3 | / | Inquiry |
| DAGC037 | Recombinant Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 2 Protein (a.a.144-298) [His] | 0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg | SERPINB4 | / | Inquiry |
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