Introduction
Propranolol hydrochloride is a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist used clinically for hypertension, arrhythmias, and anxiety, and experimentally as a prototypical β-blocker. It antagonizes β₁ and β₂ receptors, modulating heart rate, contractility, and sympathetic responses; its lipophilicity and stereochemistry make it useful in studies of drug distribution, chiral metabolism, and blood–brain barrier penetration. Propranolol HCl is commonly employed in assays of receptor binding, pharmacodynamics, and formulation stability.
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