Diclofenac [BSA]

Background: There is a lack of consensus on the combination doses of local anesthetics and opioids for spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery. Opioids and local anesthetic combinations are associated with many postoperative side effects at high doses. We aimed to assess the use of the lowest possible doses of intrathecal bupivacaine and morphine for TKA. Methodology: Sixty-six patients undergoing TKA were randomly divided into two groups. In both groups, combined spinal epidural anesthesia was administered. Group 1 received 5 mg of heavy bupivacaine and 0.1 mg of morphine, and Group 2 received 7.5 mg of heavy bupivacaine and 0.1 mg of morphine. Ketamine and propofol were used for sedation. Intraoperative vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse oxygen saturation), duration of the surgery, onset duration of spinal anesthesia, and side effects, including nausea, vomiting, itching, and respiratory distress were recorded. Patient satisfaction was assessed postoperatively using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Surgeon's satisfaction was also assessed. Epidural patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with bupivacaine was used for postoperative pain management, and diclofenac sodium was used as a rescue analgesic. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of onset of spinal anesthesia, but the duration of the onset spinal anesthesia was longer in Group 2. There was no statistically significant difference in surgeon satisfaction or between-group difference in patient satisfaction. The VAS score 4 and 24 h after the surgery were significantly low in Group 1. Rescue analgesic consumption in Group 1 was significantly higher than in Group 2. Conclusion: A combination of low-dose opioids and local anesthetic in spinal anesthesia may be an alternative to high doses, with fewer postoperative side effects.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as an important group of emerging environmental contaminants in irrigation water and soils can influence biochemical and physiological processes essential for growth and development in plants as non-target organisms. Plants are able to take up, transport, transform, and accumulate drugs in the roots. Root biomass in ten-days old pea plants was lowered by 6% already under 0.1 mg/L naproxen (NPX) due to a lowered number of lateral roots, although 0.5 mg/L NPX stimulated the total root length by 30% as against control. Higher section area (by 40%) in root tip, area of xylem (by 150%) or stele-to-section ratio (by 10%) in zone of maturation, and lower section area in zone of lateral roots (by 18%) prove the changes in primary root anatomy and its earlier differentiation at 10 mg/L NPX. Accumulated NPX (up to 10 mu g/g DW at 10 mg/L) and products of its metabolization in roots increased the amounts of hydrogen peroxide (by 33%), and superoxide (by 62%), which was reflected in elevated lipid peroxidation (by 32%), disruption of membrane integrity (by 89%) and lowering both oxidoreductase and dehydrogenase activities (by up to 40%). Elevated antioxidant capacity (SOD, APX, and other molecules) under low treatments decreased at 10 mg/L NPX (both by approx. 30%). Naproxen was proved to cause changes at both cellular and tissue levels in roots, which was also reflected in their anatomy and morphology. Higher environmental loading through drugs thus can influence even the root function. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.