Adult human spinal cord harbors neural precursor cells that generate neurons and glial cells in vitro
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH
Authors: Dromard, C.; Guillon, H.; Rigau, V.; Ripoll, C.; Sabourin, J. C.; Perrin, F. E.; Scamps, F.; Bozza, S.; Sabatier, P.; Lonjon, N.; Duffau, H.; Vachiery-Lahaye, F.; Prieto, M.; Van Ba, C. Tran; Deleyrolle, L.; Boularan, A.; Langley, K.; Gaviria, M.; Privat, A.; Hugnot, J. P.; Bauchet, L.
Abstract
Adult human and rodent brains contain neural stem and progenitor cells, and the presence of neural stem cells in the adult rodent spinal cord has also been described. Here, using electron microscopy, expression of neural precursor cell markers, and cell culture, we investigated whether neural precursor cells are also present in adult human spinal cord. In well-preserved nonpathological post-mortem human adult spinal cord, nestin, Sox2, GFAP, CD15, Nkx6.1, and PSA-NCAM were found to be expressed heterogeneously by cells located around the central canal. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the existence of immature cells close to the ependymal cells, which display characteristics of type B and C cells found in the adult rodent brain sub-ventricular region, which are considered to be stem and progenitor cells, respectively. Completely dissociated spinal cord cells reproducibly formed Sox2(+) nestin(+) neurospheres containing proliferative precursor cells. On differentiation, these generate glial cells and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons. These results provide the first evidence for the existence in the adult human spinal cord of neural precursors with the potential to differentiate into neurons and glia. They represent a major interest for endogenous regeneration of spinal cord after trauma and in degenerative diseases. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Downregulation of expression of mater genes SOX9, FOXA2, and GATA4 in pancreatic cancer cells stimulated with TGF beta 1 epithelial-mesenchymal transition
DOKLADY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS
Authors: Kondratyeva, L. G.; Sveshnikova, A. A.; Grankina, E. V.; Chernov, I. P.; Kopantseva, M. R.; Kopantzev, E. P.; Sverdlov, E. D.
Abstract
We show characteristic morphological changes corresponding to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program fulfillment in PANC1 cell line stimulated with TGF beta 1. Our results support downregulation of E-cadherin protein. We show 5- and 28-fold increase in SNAI1 and SNAI2 expression levels and 25- and 15-fold decrease in CDH1 and KRT8 expression levels, respectively, which confirms the EMT-program fulfillment. We demonstrate downregulation of expression of pancreatic master genes SOX9, FOXA2, and GATA4 (2-, 5-, and 4-fold, respectively) and absence of significant changes in HES1, NR5A2, and GATA6 expression levels in the cells stimulated with TGF beta 1. Our results indicate the absence of induction of expression of PTF1A, PDX1, HNF1b, NEUROG3, RPBJL, NKX6.1, and ONECUT1 genes, which are inactive in PANC1 cell line after the EMT stimulated by TGF beta 1.
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