Anti-Kell (aa 213-243) polyclonal antibody

Based on dissolution profiles of three model drugs on spray layered beads with the same percentage of Aquacoat(R) coating, it was concluded that in vitro dissolution of oral controlled-release formulations should be performed in both gastric and intestinal media for ionizable drugs. Ketoprofen tweak acid, pK(a) 4.8), nicardipine HCl (salt of weak organic base, pK(a) 8.6), and acetaminophen (very weak organic acid, pK(a) 9.7 not ionized at physiologic pH) provided different dissolution characteristics in enzyme-free simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.4) and enzyme-free simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4), indicating that the rate of drug release was pH dependent and related to drug ionization even though the solubility of the coating (ethylcellulose) is pH independent. In acidic media, ketoprofen release from the beads containing low-level coating (3%) was slower than that of nicardipine HCl, with the opposite holding true in basic media. Acetaminophen was released at approximately the same rate in both acidic and basic media. A comparison of drug release profiles for nicardipine HCl nude beads was also investigated among three different dissolution methods: USP dissolution apparatus I (basket method, 50 rpm), USP dissolution apparatus II (paddle method, 50 rpm), and USP dissolution apparatus III (Bio-Dis(R), Van-Kel Industries, 5 and 10 dpm). Release profiles obtained from all methods were similar, indicating that the three dissolution methods were comparable.

The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of alleles and genotypes of the blood group systems Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego in 251 regular blood donors registered in the hemotherapy unit of the Southwestern region of Parana, Southern Brazil. The frequencies were obtained by direct counting on a spreadsheet program and statistical analyses were conducted in order to compare them with other Brazilian populations using chi-squared with Yates correction on OpenEpi software. The frequencies of RHD* negative, RHCE*c/c and RHCE*e/e were higher than expected for the Caucasian population. A difference was also observed for FY alleles, FY*01/FY*01 genotype and FY*02N.01 -67T/C (GATA Box mutation). Two homozygous individuals were defined as a low frequency phenotype K+k- (KEL*01.01/KEL*01.01) and, for Diego blood group system the rare DI*01 allele was found in ten blood donors, of which one was DI*01/DI* 01(0.4%). The allele and genotype frequencies of Kidd blood group system were similar to expected to Caucasians. The results showed the direction in which to choose donors, the importance of extended genotyping in adequate blood screening and the existence of rare genotypes in Brazilian regular blood donors. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.