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Neuroendocrine carcinoma is a malignant tumor with endocrine function, divided into large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, and small cell carcinoma. Among them, the malignancy of carcinoid tumors is relatively low, with low rates of metastasis and recurrence. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell carcinoma have a high degree of malignancy and progress rapidly. Atypical carcinoid is biologically equivalent to ordinary adenocarcinoma. The tumor is mainly divided into gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma and respiratory neuroendocrine carcinoma. Under the microscope, tumor cells are relatively uniform in size, with unclear cytoplasmic boundaries and regular round nuclei arranged in patchy or glandular structures. Those with poor differentiation have deeply stained nuclei and obvious division.
Figure 1. Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.
Diagnosis relies on endoscopy, pathological examination, and 24-hour urine 5-HIAA testing. Immunohistochemical markers such as NSE and CHG2A have specificity. The treatment mainly involves surgical resection, and the surgical scope is adjusted according to the size, depth of invasion, and metastasis of the tumor. Gastrointestinal cancer usually has a better prognosis than adenocarcinoma. Tumors with a diameter less than 2cm have a good prognosis, while those with metastasis or multiple lesions require a combination of chemotherapy and biological therapy. Endoscopic and pathological examinations, as well as 24-hour urine 5-HIAA (a metabolite of serotonin), are helpful for diagnosis; Immunohistochemistry testing has special diagnostic value and can generally be identified using neuroendocrine markers such as NSE, CHG2A, and synaptic vesicle protein (Sy).
Under endoscopy, the characteristic features are submucosal tumors with raised or ulcerated surface mucosa, gray yellow cross-section, and no capsule. Tumor cells are composed of relatively uniform small to medium-sized cancer cells, with unclear cytoplasmic boundaries, round and regular nuclei arranged in patches, cords, clusters, glandular or chrysanthemum shaped clusters. Those with poor differentiation have smaller cancer cells, less cytoplasm, angular nuclei, deep staining, and signs of division. Neuroendocrine granules with a diameter of 200-300nm can be seen under electron microscopy.
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma should be differentiated from poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry showed positive results for NSE and CHG2A, confirming the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. CEA negative and Gas negative can exclude poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and gastrinoma, respectively. By combining gross, histological, and clinically highly malignant biological behavior, gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma can be diagnosed.
The treatment of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma is mainly surgical. The scope of surgery depends on the size, location, degree of infiltration, and involvement of lymph nodes in the primary tumor, as well as liver metastasis. During the operation, it is necessary to carefully investigate whether there are multiple lesions or coexisting other tumors. According to the literature on the biological characteristics of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma, it is generally believed that the principle of surgical treatment is: local resection can be performed for gastric, appendiceal, and rectal cancers with a tumor diameter less than 2 cm, no involvement in the muscle layer, and no lymph node metastasis. Radical surgery is required for small intestine and colon carcinoid tumors or tumors larger than 2 cm, infiltrating the muscular layer, and with lymph node metastasis; For metastatic carcinoid tumors, if the overall condition allows, palliative resection of the primary and metastatic lesions can be performed. On the basis of the above principles, different surgical methods are adopted for gastrointestinal cancer. The resection range for multifocal and mixed carcinoid tumors, as well as small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, should be appropriately expanded, and the surgical method should be the same as that for gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma.
Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors generally have a better prognosis than adenocarcinoma. Tumors with a diameter less than 2 cm have a similar prognosis to benign tumors, while those with a diameter greater than 2 cm or lymph node metastasis have a poorer prognosis. The prognosis of multifocal or mixed cancer and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is worse. Attention should be paid to postoperative follow-up of this disease. For cases with high malignancy, regular liver ultrasound, CT scans, and dynamic monitoring of the concentration of biogenic amines and peptides metabolites in urine should be conducted during follow-up. Chemotherapy, biological therapy, and other comprehensive treatment measures should be selectively supplemented to improve survival rate.
| Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | Isotype | Application | |
| DCABH-6725 | Anti-SEMA3D monoclonal antibody, clone FQS24569(C) | Rabbit | IgG | FC, WB | Inquiry |
| DCABH-6739 | Anti-SLC17A7 monoclonal antibody, clone FQS21064 | Rabbit | IgG | WB | Inquiry |
| Cat. No. | Product Name | Size | Species Reactivity | Application | Detection Method | |
| DEIA8400 | Mouse NT-3(Neurotrophin 3) ELISA Kit | 96T | Mouse | Quantitative | sELISA | Inquiry |
| DEIABL-M1 | Mouse NEFL(Neurofilament light polypeptide) ELISA Kit | 96T | Mouse | Quantitative | sELISA | Inquiry |
| DEIA-FB162 | Rat NEFL(Neurofilament, Light Polypeptide) ELISA Kit | 96T | Rat | Quantitative | sELISA | Inquiry |
| DEIA-BJ781 | Human Anti-Neuronal Nuclear AutoAntibody 1 ELISA kit | 96T | Human | Quantitative | sELISA | Inquiry |
| Cat. No. | Product Name | Size | Target | Species | |
| CDBP2009 | Human NEUROD2 blocking peptide | 100 g | NEUROD2 | Human | Inquiry |
| CDBP2012 | Human NEUROG1 blocking peptide | 100 g | Neurogenin 1 | Human | Inquiry |
| DAGB158 | Recombinant C. botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Heavy chain | 50 g | / | C. botulinum | Inquiry |
| DAGB160 | Recombinant C. botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Light chain | 10 g | / | C. botulinum | Inquiry |
| DAGB161 | Recombinant C. botulinum Neurotoxin Type C Light chain | 10 g | / | C. botulinum | Inquiry |
| DAGB162 | Recombinant C. botulinum Neurotoxin Type D Light chain | 10 g | / | C. botulinum | Inquiry |
| DAGB163 | Recombinant C. botulinum Neurotoxin Type D (Nicked) | 10 g | / | C. botulinum | Inquiry |
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