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Feline leukemia is a malignant tumor infectious disease caused by feline leukemia virus and feline sarcoma virus. Its main characteristics include malignant lymphoid tumors, myeloid leukemia, degenerative thymic atrophy, and non regenerative anemia, among which malignant lymphoid tumors pose the most serious harm. Kittens are more susceptible to this disease, and their susceptibility decreases with age. Viruses are sensitive to ether and bile salts, and can be inactivated by heating at 56 ℃ for 30 minutes or using commonly used disinfectants. This disease is transmitted through secretions such as saliva, feces, and urine of sick cats. Clinically, it is divided into abdominal type, thoracic type, diffuse type, and lymphocytic leukemia type, manifested as abdominal organ tumors, thoracic masses, systemic lymphadenopathy, and bone marrow lesions, respectively. There is currently no effective treatment for prevention and treatment, and secondary infections can be controlled through antibiotics. Nutritional support and antiviral drugs can be used to alleviate symptoms, and euthanasia is recommended for some cases.
Figure 1. Feline Leukemia Virus.
The feline leukemia virus is a complete virus, and its genetic information is stored on the viral RNA. It does not rely on other viruses to complete its own replication process. This virus is sensitive to ether and bile salts, and can be inactivated by heating to 56 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. Common disinfectants and acidic environments (pH<4.5) can also inactivate it. But it has some resistance to ultraviolet radiation. For the detection and research of FeLV, specialized reagents play a crucial role: the Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Antigen ELISA Kit can quickly and quantitatively detect FeLV antigens (such as the conserved p27 capsid protein) in clinical samples such as serum or saliva, utilizing the structural characteristics of the virus for accurate diagnosis. Meanwhile, anti feline leukemia virus (FeLV) polyclonal antibodies specifically recognize FeLV antigens (including envelope and core proteins), supporting applications such as verifying virus presence, monitoring antigen clearance during inactivation, and studying virus host interactions, all of which are consistent with understanding the biological characteristics of the virus and controlling its transmission.
The replication cycle of FeLV begins when the virus attaches to the host cell through specific interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein (SU) and cellular receptors. The main receptor for FeLV subgroup A (the most common form of transmission) is THTR1, a thiamine transporter protein. Other receptors include FLVCR1 and FLVCR2, which mediate infection of other FeLV subgroups and play a role in viral pathogenesis. After receptor binding, the virus enters the cell by directly fusing with the plasma membrane, mediated by the transmembrane portion of the env protein. Once it enters the cytoplasm, viral reverse transcriptase converts the single stranded RNA genome into double stranded DNA. Then, this viral DNA is transported as part of the pre integration complex to the nucleus, where viral integrase catalyzes its insertion into host chromosomal DNA, forming the pre virus. The integrated pre virus utilizes host transcription mechanisms to generate new viral RNA molecules, which can serve as both genomic RNA for new viral particles and mRNA for viral protein translation.
The clinical symptoms of this disease vary depending on the location of the tumor, in addition to general gradual weight loss, anorexia, depression, and anemia.
| Diagnosis | Details |
| Abdominal Type | the most common, accounting for about 30% of sick cats. The virus mainly invades intestinal lymphoid tissue and mesenteric lymph nodes, and affects adjacent organs such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys, causing tumors in these organs. During palpation, the tumor mass can be felt. Clinically, visible mucosal pallor, anemia, weight loss, decreased appetite, and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea. |
| Chest Type | The virus mainly invades the thymus and affects mediastinal lymph nodes. During palpation, a lump can be felt in the anterior part of the chest and abdomen. In severe cases, the tumor mass can occupy 2/3 of the chest cavity and may cause symptoms such as pleural effusion, difficulty breathing, and swallowing due to the tumor. The cat is suffering from mouth opening breathing, circulatory disorders, and extremely painful symptoms. X-ray imaging shows the presence of a tumor in the chest cavity. Clinical anatomy reveals a mediastinal lymphatic tumor in cats. This type is more common in young cats. |
| Dispersibility | The virus invades lymph nodes throughout the body, causing swelling of lymph nodes on the surface of the body, as well as spreading swelling of the liver and spleen. Hard lumps of swelling can be felt in the surface lymph nodes (submandibular, shoulder, knee, groin, etc.). The affected cat exhibits symptoms such as emaciation, anemia, reduced appetite, and mental depression. |
| Lymphatic Leukemia Type | The virus mainly invades the bone marrow, causing abnormal proliferation of white blood cells, and spreading to the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. In clinical practice, symptoms such as intermittent fever, weight loss, pale mucous membranes, and bleeding points on the skin and mucous membranes are common. |
The source of infection for this disease is diseased cats, whose saliva, feces, urine, milk, and nasal secretions all contain the virus, which can be transmitted to healthy cats through the respiratory and digestive tracts. In addition, it can also be transmitted to embryos through the placenta of diseased cats. Kittens are more susceptible to infection than adult cats, and there is no gender or breed difference. Cats in the latent period can excrete high concentrations of viruses through saliva, and the viruses entering the cat's body can replicate in the epithelial cells of the trachea, nasal cavity, oral cavity, and salivary gland.
Although some therapies have been shown to reduce the levels of FeLV in the blood of affected cats, these therapies may have significant side effects and may not be effective (or usable) in all cases. Unfortunately, there is currently no definitive cure for FeLV. Veterinary treatment and management of FeLV positive cats with signs of disease typically address specific issues. The only reliable way to protect cats from FeLV infection is to prevent them from coming into contact with cats infected with FeLV. It is recommended to keep the cat indoors and away from cats that may be infected. If allowed to enter outdoors, please provide supervision or place the cat in a safe fence to prevent wandering and fighting. All cats should undergo FeLV testing before being introduced into the home, and uninfected cats should be kept separately from infected cats. FeLV infected cats and uninfected cats should not share food, water bowls, and trash cans. Unfortunately, many cats infected with FeLV are not diagnosed until they have lived with other cats. In this case, all other cats in the house should undergo FeLV testing. Ideally, infected and uninfected cats should be separated to eliminate the possibility of FeLV transmission.
Although the diagnosis of FeLV may have a devastating emotional impact, it is important to realize that cats with FeLV can live a normal life for a long time. The median survival time for cats diagnosed with FeLV is 2.5 years, but for cats with degenerative infections, this may be much longer. Once a cat is diagnosed with FeLV, careful monitoring of weight, appetite, activity level, excretion habits, oral and eye appearance, and behavior is an important component of managing this disease. Any abnormal signs in these areas should be immediately consulted with a veterinarian.
Despite progress in detection and prevention, feline leukemia virus remains an important pathogen in the global cat population. Its complex pathogenesis involves direct viral action and immune-mediated mechanisms, leading to various clinical manifestations such as asymptomatic infection, severe immune deficiency, and malignant tumors. The molecular characteristics of viral receptors, transformed antigens, and oncogenic mechanisms not only provide fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of FeLV, but also offer basic insights into broader principles of virology and oncology.
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | Isotype | Application | |
| FeLV P27 | CABT-BL8814 | Anti-Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) monoclonal antibody, clone 2B2 | Mouse | / | ELISA, IP, WB | Inquiry |
| CABT-BL8815 | Anti-Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) monoclonal antibody, clone 2B1 | Mouse | / | ELISA, IP, WB | Inquiry | |
| CABT-BL8800 | Anti-Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) polyclonal antibody | Goat | IgG | ELISA, WB | Inquiry | |
| CABT-NS1505 | Mouse Anti-Feline Leukemia Virus p27 Monoclonal Antibody, clone MN290 | Mouse | IgG1, kappa | ELISA (Cap), LFIA, WB | Inquiry | |
| CABT-NS1506 | Mouse Anti-Feline Leukemia Virus p27 Monoclonal Antibody, clone MN291 | Mouse | IgG2b, kappa | ELISA (Det), LFIA, WB | Inquiry | |
| DMABP-L11 | Magic™ Anti-Feline Leukemia Virus (p27) Monoclonal Antibody, clone IN290 | Mouse | IgG1, κ | ELISA, WB | Inquiry | |
| DMABP-L12 | Magic™ Anti-Feline Leukemia Virus (p27) Monoclonal Antibody, clone IN200 | Mouse | IgG2b, κ | ELISA, WB | Inquiry |
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Size | Applications | |
| FeLV | DEIA-VT002 | Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Antigen ELISA Kit | 96T | Quantitative or qualitative | Inquiry |
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