Introduction
Ethyl β-D-Glucuronide (EtG) is a direct, non-oxidative metabolite of ethanol formed by the conjugation of ethanol with glucuronic acid. It serves as a sensitive and specific biomarker for recent alcohol consumption, detectable in urine, blood, and hair for extended periods compared with ethanol itself. EtG is widely used in clinical, forensic, and workplace settings to monitor alcohol intake, evaluate compliance in abstinence programs, and study ethanol metabolism. Due to its well-defined chemical structure, stability, and specificity, ethyl β-D-glucuronide is an important reference compound in analytical chemistry, toxicology, and alcohol research.
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