D-Lactate Assay Kit

Sample

Plasma, Serum, Blood, Saliva, Urine

Species Reactivity

Human

Intended Use

The D-Lactate Assay provides a fluorescence-based method for detecting D-lactate in biological samples such as serum, plasma, blood, urine, and saliva. It can also be utilized to determine intracellular and extracellular lactate concentrations in cell culture samples.

Contents of Kit

Storage

Kit will arrive packaged as a -20°C kit. For best results, store the kit as supplied or remove components and store as Reagents And Materials Provided.

Precision

When a series of eight deproteinated blood or eight deproteinated plasma mesurements were performed on the same day, the intra-assay coefficient of variation was 2.5% and 3.7%, respectively. When a series of eight deproteinated blood or eight deproteinated plasma measurements were performed on six different days under the same experimental conditions, the inter-assay coefficient of variation was 2.8% and 4.1%, respectively.

General Description

D(-)-Lactate is a stereoisomer of lactate and is present in blood at only 1-5% the concentration of L(+)-lactate. Exogenous sources of D-lactate include fermented foods such as yogurt, sauerkraut, and pickles. D-lactate is normally produced in the gastrointestinal tract, mainly by lactobacilli and bifidobacteria or is produced in the cytosol of cells by the glyoxylase pathway. Methylglyoxal is converted to D-lactate and glutathione via the intermediate S-D-lactoylglutathione by glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. L-Lactate is rapidly metabolized to pyruvate by L-lactate dehydrogenase in the liver. D Lactate was thought to only be metabolized to pyruvate by D-α-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase, which metabolizes D-lactate at about one-fifth the rate that L-lactate dehydrogenase metabolizes L-lactate. Mammals were originally reported to lack D-lactate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that had been isolated only in lower organisms. However, new studies have identified putative human and murine mitochondrial D-lactate dehydrogenases.
D-Lactic acidosis has been defined as metabolic acidosis accompanied by an increase in serum D-lactate (≥3 mM) and is associated with neurotoxic effects. D-Lactate production, accumulation, and acidosis are caused by excessive gastrointestinal fermentation of carbohydrate by lactobacilli, and the subsequent inability of the body to adequately clear D-lactate by the kidneys. D-Lactic acidosis is a rare metabolic occurrence in humans, but is occasionally observed as a consequence of short bowel syndrome or after jejunoileal bypass surgery. It also occurs in ruminants after grain overfeeding. Elevated D-lactate levels have also been shown to occur in diabetes, infection, ischemia, and trauma. D-Lactate has an important role in numerous aspects of monogastric metabolism, is clinically important in a variety of malabsorptive or gastrointestinal nutrient overload conditions, and may be important in some types of sepsis. Monitoring D-lactate levels is useful when studying cellular and animal physiology.

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