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Classical Swine Fever Virus(CSFV) is a highly acute, febrile, and contagious disease that occurs in pigs and is caused by the CSFV virus. This disease can be classified into the most acute type, acute type, subacute type, chronic type, and mild type. The disease is characterized by rapid onset, high fever and small vessel wall degeneration, generalized small point bleeding throughout the body, and splenic infarction. Classical swine fever is widespread, with high incidence rate and mortality; The main transmission routes are the digestive tract and respiratory tract. After the sow is infected, it vertically infects the fetus through the placenta. This disease is prevalent throughout the year and can have a devastating impact on the pig farming industry, making it one of the most serious infectious diseases that pose a threat to the industry. Anti-CSFV monoclonal antibodies are indispensable tools in modern diagnostics, enabling highly specific detection of viral antigens in techniques such as antigen-capture ELISA and immunohistochemistry, which are crucial for rapid outbreak confirmation and surveillance.
Figure 1. Basic features of CSFV and the organization of CSFV genome. (Guo, Xin,et al, 2023)
The diameter of swine fever virus particles is 34-50 nanometers, with a 20 sided symmetrical nucleocapsid. The internal core diameter is about 30 nanometers, and the virus particles are slightly circular with a lipoprotein envelope. The surface of the virus particles has fragile spike structures. The genome of swine fever virus is a single stranded positive stranded RNA with a length of 12.3 kilobases.
Figure 2. Anti-CSFV drug candidates target the CSFV life cycle or virus-host interaction. (Fan, Jindai,et al, 2021)
According to the severity and duration of the disease, swine fever can be classified into five types in clinical practice, namely the most acute type, acute type, subacute type, chronic type, and persistent infection type.
| Harmful symptoms | Details |
| The Most Acute Type | Commonly seen in the early stages of the epidemic and pig farms where swine fever first occurs. The course of the disease generally does not exceed 5 days, and the mortality rate is 90-100%. |
| Persistent Infection Type | More common in pig farms with a history of swine fever outbreaks. Infected pigs themselves have no clinical symptoms, but they carry the virus and detoxify for a long time, and can vertically infect fetuses through the placenta. Infected sows exhibit symptoms such as miscarriage, premature birth, mummified fetuses, stillbirths, weak fetuses, and trembling piglets or healthy piglets, all of which carry the virus for a long time. |
| Chronic Type | It is more common in pig farms with poor epidemic prevention conditions or pig farms with perennial outbreaks of swine fever. These pigs are severely hindered in growth, have skin lesions, and often stand hunched over. Pigs infected with chronic swine fever can survive for more than 100 days. |
| Viral Protein | Category | Key Host Target / Pathway | Mechanism & Role in Pathogenesis |
| Npro | Non-structural, N-terminal protease | IRF3 | A unique pestiviral protein that functions as a protease. Its primary role is immune evasion: it binds to and induces the proteasomal degradation of IRF3, a master transcription factor required for IFN-β gene induction. This effectively blocks the initial wave of antiviral interferon production. |
| Erns (E0) | Structural / Secreted RNase | Viral RNA, TLR3 signaling | A unique glycoprotein with ribonuclease (RNase) activity. It is secreted from infected cells and can cleave single-stranded RNA (including viral RNA), potentially degrading pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and reducing their detection by endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8), thereby dampening IFN induction. |
| E2 | Major Envelope Glycoprotein | Host Cell Surface Receptors (e.g., CD46, heparan sulfate) | Mediates viral attachment and entry. Interaction with cellular receptors is the first step in determining tropism for vascular endothelial cells and cells of the immune system (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells). This tropism underlies the systemic vascular and lymphoid lesions. |
The main pathological changes after infection with swine fever virus are immune suppression and decreased blood cells. The damage of swine fever virus to the immune system of pigs is an important cause of acute lethal swine fever. The infection of swine fever virus damages the center of lymphoid tissue development, hindering the maturation of B lymphocytes, resulting in the loss of B lymphocytes in the circulatory system and lymphoid tissue, atrophy of the thymus and reduction of white blood cells in diseased pigs, and damage to the bone marrow of diseased pigs. In situ hybridization showed that the follicles, which serve as sites for virus replication and invasion of lymph nodes, have been disrupted in the late stage structure.
Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase monolayer assays are commonly used to detect swine fever virus antigens in sections or tissue cultures. Virus genomes can also be extracted from tissue samples or diseased pig blood samples, and virus antigens can be detected by RT-PCR. Sequencing analysis can also be performed.
| Pathogenic Diagnosis | Details |
| Virus Isolation and Identification | Take lymph nodes, tonsils, spleens, or kidney tissues from diseased pigs and grind them into emulsions. Centrifuge the supernatant, filter it after double antibody treatment, and inoculate it into susceptible cells such as PK-15 cells. After 48-72 hours of inoculation, remove the infected cell slices and use HC immunofluorescence antibody method or immune enzyme staining method for examination, or blind transmission for 3 generations. RT-PCR is used to detect the presence of swine fever virus. |
| Serological Diagnosis | Serological tests are commonly performed on strong and weak strains of swine fever virus and BVDV monoclonal antibodies to determine different strains and viral infections. Common methods include HC monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test, and peroxidase linked neutralization test. |
Classical Swine Fever Virus is a master of immune evasion. Its pathogenesis hinges on proteins like Npro and Erns that systematically dismantle the host's primary interferon-based defense by targeting key regulators like IRF3 and degrading immune-stimulatory RNA. The widespread infection of immune and endothelial cells, facilitated by the E2 glycoprotein, leads to fatal immunosuppression and hemorrhagic pathology. The development and application of Anti-CSFV monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized diagnostic specificity and speed. Effective global control requires vigilant surveillance, robust diagnostics, and strategic use of vaccination to protect swine populations from this economically crippling pathogen.
References
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | Isotype | Application | |
| CSFV | CABT-BL8758 | Anti-CSFV Structural Glycoprotein monoclonal antibody, clone 1D2 | Mouse | IgG2a | ELISA, WB | Inquiry |
| CABT-BL8759 | Anti-CSFV Structural Glycoprotein monoclonal antibody, clone 1D3 | Mouse | IgG1 | ELISA, WB | Inquiry | |
| CABT-BL8760 | Anti-CSFV Structural Glycoprotein monoclonal antibody, clone 1D4 | Mouse | IgG1 | ELISA, WB | Inquiry | |
| DPAB-CS24552 | Rabbit Anti-CSFV E2 Polyclonal antibody | Rabbit | IgG | WB, ELISA | Inquiry | |
| CABT-CS750 | Goat Anti-CSFV E2 Polyclonal Antibody | Goat | IgG | WB, ELISA, IF, IHC, ICC | Inquiry | |
| CABT-B8724 | Anti-CSFV E2 monoclonal antibody, clone LPN24 | Mouse | IgG | IF, ELISA | Inquiry | |
| PABA6322 | Anti-CSFV polyclonal antibody [AF488] | Rabbit | IgG | IF | Inquiry | |
| DPAB-CS24551 | Rabbit Anti-CSFV Erns Polyclonal antibody | Rabbit | IgG | WB, ELISA | Inquiry | |
| CABT-RM036 | Magic™ Anti-CSFV monoclonal antibody, clone IN985 | Mouse | LFIA (cap) | Inquiry | ||
| CABT-RM037 | Magic™ Anti-CSFV monoclonal antibody, clone IN986 | Mouse | LFIA (det) | Inquiry |
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | |
| CSFV | DAG-WT592 | Recombinant CSFV Chimeric Protein | E. coli | Inquiry |
| DAGC032 | Recombinant CSFV E2 Protein [His] | CHO cells | Inquiry | |
| DAG-WT1132 | Inactivated Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) | N/A | Inquiry | |
| DAG-WT5856 | Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) Stock (Qualitative) | N/A | Inquiry |
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