Anti-VHSV G protein monoclonal antibody, clone 23H21

To know the effect of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection on the cellular microRNA expression profile in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), fish were infected with VHSV, and cellular microRNAs expression was analyzed at 0 (control), 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection (h.p.i.) by the high-throughput sequencing. A total of 372 mature miRNAs were identified, and, among them, 63 miRNAs were differentially expressed during VHSV infection. The differentially expressed microRNAs number was greatly increased from 24 h.p.i. compared to the number at 6 and 12 h.p.i., suggesting that the alteration of microRNAs expression by VHSV infection may be related to the progression of VHSV disease. The target prediction analysis, the GO enrichment analysis, and the KEGG pathway analysis of the predicted target genes showed that various biological pathways could be affected by VHSV infection through the down-regulation or up-regulation of host miRNAs. The present results provide a basic information on the microRNAs related to VHSV infection in olive flounder. Considering broad effects of microRNAs on various biological pathways, data in this study can be used to interpret the mechanism of VHSV pathogenesis, which, vice versa, can be used to develop control measures against VHSV. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Although there are several studies showing antimicrobial activity of blue light emitting diode (LED) light, studies on the virucidal activity of LED are lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 405-nm LED light on viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In vitro virucidal activity of 405-nm LED light was measured using 5.8 and 5.0 log PFU.mL(-1) of VHS virus (VHSV) suspended in L-15 medium and fish skin mucus, respectively. In vivo experiment was performed to assess the efficacy of 405-nm LED light at different intensities (10, 20, 30, and 40 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1); called 405-10, 405-20, 405-30, and 405-40, respectively) on olive flounder (average weight = 19 +/- 4 g or 1.4 +/- 0.5 g) artificially challenged with VHSV by both injection and/or immersion methods. Growth performance, survival rate, and expression levels of immune -/stress-related genes were measured to identify possible adverse effects of 405-nm LED light on fish. As a result, illumination with 405-nm LED light inactivated VHSV in a light intensity-dependent manner. Viral concentrations in rearing water and fish skin mucus of 405-nm LED light exposed groups were significantly lower than those of the control groups. Survival rates of cohabitant fish (19 +/- 4 g) in the 405-40 group (100% and 87.5% for two replicates) were higher than those in each control group (62.5% and 50% for two replicates). Survival rate of fish (1.4 +/- 0.5 g) in the 405-20 group (97%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (78%). However, some fish (1.4 +/- 0.5 g) in the 405-30 and 405-40 groups were killed regardless of VHS infection. There were no significant differences between 405-nm LED light-exposed and control groups in growth performance, survival rate, or expression levels of immune - /stress-related genes in fish (average weight = 34.3 +/- 4 g or 2.4 +/- 0.4 g). In this study, illumination with 405-nm LED light at intensities of 20-40 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1) can inactivate VHSV in rearing water and fish skin mucus, and improve survival rates of fish (larger than 2.5 g) from VHS. This is the first study to demonstrate that blue LED light can be applied to control viral diseases in the aquaculture industry.