Rat TIM-1/KIM-1/HAVCR ELISA Kit

Urinary biomarkers are used increasingly for sensitive prediction of kidney injury in preclinical and clinical studies. Given the frequent requirement of anesthesia in various animal models of disease, it is important to define the effects of anesthesia on kidney injury biomarkers to guide the appropriate selection of anesthetic agents and to avoid potential confounders in the interpretation of data. Therefore, we performed a prospective study using male C57BL/6J mice (n = 45) exposed to a single anesthetic episode to determine the effects several common anesthesia regimens on the urinary excretion of 2 commonly used kidney injury biomarkers: hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1, also known as KIM1) and lipocalin 2 (LCN2, also known as NGAL). We evaluated 3 injectable regimens (ketamine-xylazine, tiletamine-zolazepam, and pentobarbital) and 2 inhalational agents (isoflurane and sevoflurane). Concentrations of HAVCR1 and LCN2 in urine collected at various time points after anesthesia were measured by using ELISA. Administration of ketamine-xylazine resulted in a significant increase in HAVCR1 levels at 6 h after anesthesia but a decrease in LCN2 levels compared with baseline. LCN2 levels steadily increased over the first 24 h after inhalant anesthesia, with a significant increase at 24 h after sevoflurane. These results suggest that injectable anesthesia had early effects on HAVCR1 and LCN2 levels, whereas inhalational agents increased these biomarkers over prolonged time.

Leukocyte trafficking is generally considered the initial stage of any immune response, and it involves a multistep intravascular process including capture, rolling, activation, arrest, crawling, and transmigration. Both capture and rolling are predominantly mediated by selectins, which allow circulating leukocytes to sense activating signals on the endothelium and adhere to vessel walls. In this review, we discuss recent data showing that the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) protein is a major ligand for endothelial P-selectin, mediating T helper (Th) cell Th1 and Th17 trafficking in inflamed tissues. We highlight structural and functional features showing that TIM-1 can be included in the restricted group of major adhesion receptors involved in leukocyte trafficking with a pathophysiological role in inflammation and autoimmunity.