Anti-PION polyclonal antibody

The phase diagram of dense quark matter with chiral imbalance is considered with the conditions of electric neutrality and beta -equilibrium. It has been shown recently that chiral imbalance can generate charged pion condensation (PC) in dense quark matter. It was, therefore, interesting to verify that this phenomenon takes place in realistic physical scenarios such as electrically neutral quark matter in beta -equilibrium, because a window of charged PC at dense quark matter phase diagram (without chiral imbalance) predicted earlier was closed by the consideration of these conditions at the physical current quark mass. In this paper it has been shown that the charged PC phenomenon is generated by chiral imbalance in the dense electric neutral quark/baryonic matter in beta -equilibrium, i.e. matter in neutron stars. It has also been demonstrated that charged PC is an inevitable phenomenon in dense quark matter with chiral imbalance if there is nonzero chiral imbalance in two forms, chiral and chiral isospin one. It seems that in this case charged PC phase can be hardly avoided by any physical constraint on isospin imbalance and that this conclusion can be probably generalized from neutron star matter to the matter produced in heavy ion collisions or in neutron star mergers. The chiral limit and the physical point (physical pion mass) have both been considered and it was shown that the appearance of charged PC is not much affected by the consideration of nonzero current quark mass.

The solar proton events on September 4-10, 2017 motivated us to reconsider the hypothesis of the presence of two phases of acceleration of charged particles in solar flares in which nonrelativistic electrons are accelerated in the first phase, while relativistic electrons and protons are accelerated during the second phase. According to the data of SOHO/EPHIN (relativistic electrons) and ACS SPI (hard X-rays and protons with energy of >100 MeV), the populations of electrons and protons accelerated at the first and second phases of a flare could be separated in these events near the Earth. The data of observations are indicative of the realization of a stochastic mechanism of acceleration in flares according to which protons and electrons gain energy in many elementary acts, whose duration is much shorter than that of the flare itself. To reconcile the stochastic acceleration process with the existence of two phases in solar flares, it is necessary taking into account the gyrosynchrotron radiation losses of electrons that can be neglected at the first phase. The energy of accelerated protons at the first phase is too low for their detection in the Sun. However, in the second phase, it can reach levels sufficient for detection of nuclear and pion decay gamma lines. In this case, the role of coronal mass ejection consists in (1) involvement of an increasingly larger number of loops in the flare process at altitudes ranging from the chromosphere to the corona; (2) return of the accelerated particles into the flare region; (3) additional acceleration of particles at the shock front; (4) creation of conditions for escaping of particles into the interplanetary space in a wide spatial angle.