GRM5 blocking peptide

The G-protein coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (GRMs/mGluRs) have been implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia as they modulate the NMDA response and that of other neurotransmitters including dopamine and GABA.(1-3) Electrophysiological studies in GRM subtype 5 knockout mice reveal, in one study, a sensorimotor gating deficit characteristic of schizophrenia(4) and in another, a key role for this gene in the modulation of hippocampal NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity.(5) In humans, GRM5 levels are increased in certain pyramidal cell neurons in schizophrenics vs controls.(6) Finally, GRM5 has been mapped to 11q14, neighbouring a translocation that segregates with schizophrenia and related psychoses in a large Scottish family, F23 (MLOD score 6.0).(7,8) We determined the intron/exon structure of GRM5 and identified a novel intragenic microsatellite. A case-control association study identified a significant difference in allele frequency distribution between schizophrenics and controls (P = 0.04). This is suggestive of involvement of the GRM5 gene in schizophrenia in this population.

Background: Oral cancer represents the third most prevalent form of malignancy in developing countries and the eight most common form of cancer in developed countries. Alcohol and tobacco users are most affected by oral cancers and 90% of them are OSCC in adult males. In some provinces in Iran such as Sistan and Baluchestan, its prevalence is higher compared to other provinces. One of the primary neurotransmitter in the central nervous system is systemic glutamate, which is a major excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate signaling has been involved in various non-neuronal cancer processes. The aim of this research was to highlight the association between DNA methylation of the glutamate receptor genes and their expression pattern in pathogenesis of OSCC. Materials and methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from 83 OSCC paraffin-embedded tissues (mean age: 59.67 +/- 16.08) and 80 normal samples (mean age: 50.15 +/- 16.69). Promoter methylation status of glutamate receptors including GRM5, GRM2 and GRIA3 genes were carried out by Methylation Specific PCR technique (MSP). We also investigated the mRNA expression levels of these genes in 15 paraffin-embedded patients and healthy samples using real-time PCR techniques. Result: DNA methylation analysis showed statistically significant differences in the cases in comparison with healthy controls. Our data showed that the promoters of GRM2 and GRIA3 were methylated in the cases. For GRM2 (MM: OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.02-3.90; p-value = .37; MU: OR = 8.0; 95% CI = 1.37-47.34; p-value = .02) and GRIA3 (MM: OR = 47.19; 95% CI = 4.61-483.0; p-value = .001; MU: OR = 1.45; 95% CI = 0.35-5.89; p-value = .6). However, methylation of GRM5 promoter was not statistically different in the cases and healthy controls, GRM5 (MM: OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.14-5.71; p-value = 0.9; MU: OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 0.33-10.09; p-value = .4). In addition, the evaluation of mRNA expression levels of GRM2, GRIA3 and GRM5 were remarkably different in patients and healthy controls (p < .0001). Summarily, the aim of this study was to assess the methylation and expression pattern of GluR genes and the risk of OSCC. We are of the presupposition that methylation and expression statuses of the chosen genes, GRM5, GRM2 and GRIA3 might be significant biomarkers for OSCC.