Anti-ITGAX Monoclonal antibody, clone 4.0 [PE/Cy7®]

The infiltration of classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and parametrial adipose tissue (PAT) was analyzed to investigate whether local inflammatory change in adipose tissue occurs in late pregnancy. C57BL/6N female mice at 6 weeks of age were fed a normal chow diet for 4 weeks prior to mating at 10 weeks of age and were sampled on day 17 of pregnancy. The serum levels of adipokines and biochemical markers were measured using ELISA and enzymatic methods. The identification of M1 and M2 was analyzed by double immunofluorescence with anti-F4/80 and anti-CD11c antibodies. The gene expression of adipokines in adipose tissues was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. The pregnant group showed adipocyte hypertrophy, higher macrophage infiltration, and higher M1/M2 in both SAT and PAT compared with the non-pregnant (NP) group. Serum levels of free fatty acids, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin 6 (IL6), and IL10 were higher, and serum levels of adiponectin were lower in the pregnant group than those in the NP group. The gene expressions of CD68, Itgax, CCR2, TNF alpha, and PAI1 in SAT during pregnancy were significantly higher than those in the NP group, as were the gene expressions of CD68, Emrl, Itgax, MCP1, TNF alpha, IL6, PAI1, adiponectin, and IL10 in PAT. These results suggest that the low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue indicated by increased macrophage infiltration occurs in late normal pregnancy. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology (2011) 47, 157-165

Background. We have shown that genomic biomarkers in peripheral blood provide evidence of early graft rejection and may offer an important option for posttransplant monitoring, and we are working to improve this signature to maximize assay performance. Methods. This clinical refinement study (n = 79) used gene expression profiling in a case-control design to compare whole blood samples between normal subjects (n = 20) and patients with (n = 20) or without (n = 39) biopsy-confirmed acute rejection (BCAR). Results. Gene expression in peripheral blood from subjects with BCAR before treatment differed significantly from that of normal subjects and transplant recipients without BCAR. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis showed that samples obtained 1 to 5 days after the start of treatment of BCAR were segregated across both groups before treatment or without BCAR and that this was closely related to the time lag between treatment and sampling. Genes differentially expressed during BCAR included FKSG49, LMAN2, NFYC, LIMK2, JUNB, NASP, MALAT1, ITGAX, HLA-J, FKBP1A, and RBMS1, and gene ontology analysis highlighted changes in networks related to cytoskeletal reorganization, apoptosis, and immune signaling, whereas after treatment change highlighted pathways of cellular metabolism, cell-cycle regulation, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Conclusion. Gene expression in the peripheral blood is associated with BCAR, and the pattern of expression changes rapidly after treatment. This may offer a potential tool for diagnosis of rejection and immunologic monitoring of response to treatment, which is now being evaluated in a large multicenter international study.