Human IL-2 ELISA Development Kit

Todays, after four decades from the discovery of monoclonal antibodies by Kohler and Milstein in 1975, a dozen of antibodies are used in cancer targeted therapy with different strategies. The success of these antibodies depends on the specificity of antigens expressed on the cancer cells. Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM), a homophilic cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein is a well-known tumor antigen, which expresses on epithelial tumors and circulating tumor cells as well as cancer stem cells. The EpCAM signaling pathway is associated with proliferation, differentiation and adhesion of epithelial cancer cells. Here we review EpCAM structure, expression profile and its signaling pathway in cancer cells. In addition, we focused on structure, mechanism of action and success of anti EpCAM antibodies which have been used in different clinical trials. Based on literatures, Edrecolomab showed limited efficacy in the phase III studies. The wholly human monoclonal antibody Adecatumumab is dose- and target-dependent in metastatic breast cancer patients expressing EpCAM. The chimeric antibody, Catumaxomab, has been approved for the treatment of malignant ascites; however, this Mab showed considerable results in intrapleural administration in cancer patients. Anti EpCAM toxin conjugated antibodies like, Oportuzumab Monatox (scFv antibody and Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA)), Citatuzumab Bogatox (Fab fragment with bouganin toxin) and immono-conjugate antibody Tucotuzumab (monoclonal antibody with IL2), have shown acceptable results in different clinical trials. Almost, all of the antibodies were well-tolerated; however, still more clinical trials are needed for the approval of antibodies for the treatment of specific tumors.

Methyl-imidazolium based ionic liquids have good tribological properties, because of their ability to form a chemically reacted film on the surface. This paper mainly compares the tribological properties of two ionic liquids, namely, the chloride-based imidazolium ionic liquid (IL1) and the tetrafluoroborate-based methyl-imidazolium ionic liquid (IL2). The two ionic liquids were synthesized in the lab and blended with mineral base oil at various proportions, i.e. 0.5 %, 1 % and 1.5 % by weight. The tribological properties of the oil samples were tested for 1hr on a reciprocating wear testing machine using a ball-on-flat configuration. The flat is made of hardened AISI 52100 steel, while the bearing ball made of the same material serves as the counter facing surface. The results show that IL2 exhibited a nearly 40% smaller friction coefficient than IL1 at 100 degrees C; the IL1 was found to corrode the steel specimens at 100 degrees C; the AFM images showed the formation of chemically reacted tribofilms on the surface of samples tested with IL2; SEM and EDS results proved the presence of chlorine, boron, and fluorine on the respective wear tracks.