FRK ELISA Kit

Overexploitation of groundwater in the Malayer Plain has resulted in a continuous decline of groundwater levels over recent years with associated risks to water security. Effective water resource management requires the identification of the most susceptible regions and periods to such risks and, hence, spatio-temporal prediction tools of groundwater levels. For this purpose, we use 27years of groundwater level records (between 1984 and 2012) and apply time series forecasting models including seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing (HWES). The spatial variation of groundwater levels is investigated by a novel method known as Fixed Rank Kriging (FRK). The results demonstrate that ARIMA outperforms HWES in fitting the training data. In contrast, the 95% confidence bound of ARIMA predictions is wider than that of HWES and ARIMA's predicted seasonal cycle is weaker. The time series forecasting by a stochastic simulation indicated that if the current situation continues, the level of groundwater is expected to decline from 1635m to about 1605m by 2022. The FRK showed that the amount of groundwater extraction in the western part of the aquifer was higher than that of the northern and central parts.

Hexokinases (HXKs, EC 2.7.1.1) and fructokinases (FRKs, EC 2.7.1.4) play important roles in carbohydrate metabolism and sugar signaling during the growth and development of plants. However, the HXKs and FRKs in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) remain largely unknown. In this manuscript, we present the molecular characterization, phylogenetic relationships, conserved domains and expression profiles of four HXK and seven FRK genes of the tea plant. The 11 deduced CsHXK and CsFRK proteins were grouped into six main classes. All of the deduced proteins, except for CsFKR7, possessed putative ATP-binding motifs and a sugar recognition region. These genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns, which suggests that they play different roles in the metabolism and development of source and sink tissues in the tea plant. There were variations in CsHXKs and CsFRKs transcript abundance in response to four abiotic stresses: cold, salt, drought and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Remarkably, CsHXK3 and CsHXK4 were significantly induced in the leaves and roots under cold conditions, CsHXKl was apparently up regulated in the leaves and roots under salt and drought stresses, and CsHXK3 was obviously stimulated in the leaves and roots under short-term treatment with exogenous ABA. These findings demonstrate that CsHXKs play critical roles in response to abiotic stresses in the tea plant. Our research provides a fundamental understanding of the CsHXK and CsFRK genes of the tea plant and important information for the breeding of stress-tolerant tea cultivars. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.