A Multistep Continuous-Flow System for Rapid On-Demand Synthesis of Receptor Ligands
ORGANIC LETTERS
Authors: Petersen, Trine P.; Ritzen, Andreas; Ulven, Trond
Abstract
A multistep continuous-flow system for synthesis of receptor ligands by assembly of three variable building blocks in a single unbroken flow is described. The sequence consists of three reactions and two scavenger steps, where a Cbz-protected diamine is reacted with an isocyanate, deprotected, and reacted further with an alkylating agent.
Glycosylated extracellular vesicles released by glioblastoma cells are decorated by CCL18 allowing for cellular uptake via chemokine receptor CCR8
JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES
Authors: Berenguer, Jordi; Lagerweij, Tonny; Zhao, Xi Wen; Dusoswa, Sophie; van der Stoop, Petra; Westerman, Bart; de Gooijer, Mark C.; Zoetemelk, Marloes; Zomer, Anoek; Crommentuijn, Matheus H. W.; Wedekind, Laurine E.; Lopez-Lopez, Alan; Giovanazzi, Alberta; Bruch-Oms, Marina; van der Meulen-Muileman, Ida H.; Reijmers, Rogier M.; van Kuppevelt, Toin H.; Garcia-Vallejo, Juan-Jesus; van Kooyk, Yvette; Tannous, Bakhos A.; Wesseling, Pieter; Koppers-Lalic, Danijela; Vandertop, W. Peter; Noske, David P.; van Beusechem, Victor W.; van Rheenen, Jacco; Pegtel, D. Michiel; van Tellingen, Olaf; Wurdinger, Thomas
Abstract
Cancer cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain functional biomolecules such as RNA and proteins. EVs are transferred to recipient cancer cells and can promote tumour progression and therapy resistance. Through RNAi screening, we identified a novel EV uptake mechanism involving a triple interaction between the chemokine receptor CCR8 on the cells, glycans exposed on EVs and the soluble ligand CCL18. This ligand acts as bridging molecule, connecting EVs to cancer cells. We show that glioblastoma EVs promote cell proliferation and resistance to the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). Using in vitro and in vivo stem-like glioblastoma models, we demonstrate that EV-induced phenotypes are neutralised by a small molecule CCR8 inhibitor, R243. Interference with chemokine receptors may offer therapeutic opportunities against EV-mediated cross-talk in glioblastoma.