Anti-CA50 monoclonal antibody, clone C2

Pseudamonas acidovorans strain CA50 was used for degradation experiments with monochloronitrobenzenes in aerobic batch culture. The monochloronitrobenzenes were reduced to the corresponding monochloroanilines. The reduction only occurred with an additional carbon and nitrogen source. Chlorocatechols were found to be present. 3-Chlorocatechol accumulated in the presence of 2-chloroaniline, whereas 4-chlorocatechol was an intermediate metabolite of 3- and 4-chloroaniline. Contrary to the degradation of monochloronitrobenzenes, Pseudomonas acidovorans strain CA50 used the monochloroanilines as a sole source of carbon, energy, and nitrogen for growth. The oxidation of monochloroanilines was not repressed by the additional substrates. 2-Chloronitrobenzene was degraded with the lowest rate because of the low turnover of the intermediate metabolite 2-chloroaniline. 3-Chloronitrobenzene was completely degraded also in a mixture. A complete degradation of 4-chloronitrobenzene was achieved only when it was the sole chloronitrobenzene. The results suggest that a dechlorination and mineralization of monochlornitrobenzenes is possible, but for a final proof, further investigations will be necessary.

Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) engine is the newest technology to settle the issue of excessive NOx emission of conventional diesel engines. In the present work, the effects of swirl ratio and spray angle on the performance and stratification of diesel-natural gas RCCI engines are investigated numerically. The local and global stratifications are measured by the field of equivalence ratio and its standard deviation (SD), respectively. It is concluded that the ignition delay and the location of ignition depend on the local and global stratifications controlled by the swirl ratio and spray angle. The increase in the swirl ratio increases the ignition delay by decreasing the value of equivalence ratio SD, phi-SD, before ignition. On the other hand, the variation of spray angle controls the combustion duration by changing the sequence and the lag between the two ignition events happening in the bowl and squish area. Moreover, it is found that the position of the maximum stratification on phi-SD curve is well correlated with CA50. Finally, the best operation is with a swirl ratio in the range 0.7-0.85 and spray angle of 145 degrees which results in suppressed emissions and an efficiency above 50%.