Anti-TNF monoclonal antibody, clone NQ7-YU33 [Brilliant Violet 421]

Transplantation of peripheral nervous system glia is being explored for treating neural injuries, in particular central nervous system injuries. These glia, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs), are thought to aid regeneration by clearing necrotic cells, (necrotic bodies, NBs), as well as myelin debris. The mechanism by which the glia phagocytose and traffic NBs are not understood. Here, we show that OECs and SCs recognize phosphatidylserine on NBs, followed by engulfment and trafficking to endosomes and lysosomes. We also showed that both glia can phagocytose and process myelin debris. We compared the time-course of glial phagocytosis (of both NBs and myelin) to that of macrophages. Internalization and trafficking were considerably slower in glia than in macrophages, and OECs were more efficient phagocytes than SCs. The two glial types also differed regarding their cytokine responses after NB challenge. SCs produced low amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha while OECs did not produce detectable TNF-alpha. Thus, OECs have a higher capacity than SCs for phagocytosis and trafficking, whilst producing lower amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that OEC transplantation into the injured nervous system may lead to better outcomes than SC transplantation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory (peripheral and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated released from whole blood) and metabolic (glucose and insulin) profile of inactive obese men in response to two isoenergetic models of aerobic exercise training (similar to 300 kcal each exercise session). Twenty-two participants (28.7 +/- 1.6 years; BMI = 34.4 +/- 0.1 kg/m(2)) were randomized into two groups: I) HIIT: high-intensity interval training (10x 1 bout: 1 min - 100% Maximal Aerobic Velocity) or II) MICT: moderate-intensity continuous training (65% Maximal Aerobic Velocity; kcal equal to HIIT). Both groups trained three times per week for 6-weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected before and 0, 30, and 60 min after exercise during the first and last training sessions for evaluation of: I) MIP-1., insulin, glucose, visceral and subcutaneous fat depots, oral glucose tolerance test, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index; II) Peripheral (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10) and LPS-stimulated release of TNF-alpha and IL-10 were analyzed before, 0, and 60 min after sessions. IL-6 concentration remained elevated up to 60-min after the acute exercise session (p < 0.001), and IL-10 concentration was higher after 30 and 60-min (p = 0.001) compared to rest, independent of training period and protocol. AUC of IL-10 presented effect of type of training (p = 0.023) with MICT group showed significantly higher values than the HIIT. The ex-vivo assay showed higher IL-10 secretion in response to LPS immediately (p = 0.003) after both acute MICT and HIIT exercise sessions, independent of training period. Fifteen subjects presented decreased HOMA-IR after 6-weeks and seven presented an increase in this index. When we excluded the two least responsive subjects, it was possible to observe a decrease in HOMA-IR (p = 0.020) after training. Taken together, our results suggest that both HIIT and MICT (with same energy expenditure) promote similar effects on HOMA-IR and led to elevations in IL-10 production in LPS-stimulated whole blood, suggesting that leukocytes had an enhanced ability to secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines after the exercise bout.