The Autoimmunity-Associated Gene PTPN22 Potentiates Toll-like Receptor-Driven, Type 1 Interferon-Dependent Immunity
IMMUNITY
Authors: Wang, Yaya; Shaked, Iftach; Stanford, Stephanie M.; Zhou, Wenbo; Curtsinger, Julie M.; Mikulski, Zbigniew; Shaheen, Zachary R.; Cheng, Genhong; Sawatzke, Kristy; Campbell, Amanda M.; Auger, Jennifer L.; Bilgic, Hatice; Shoyama, Fernanda M.; Schmeling, David O.; Balfour, Henry H., Jr.; Hasegawa, Kiminori; Chan, Andrew C.; Corbett, John A.; Binstadt, Bryce A.; Mescher, Matthew F.; Ley, Klaus; Bottini, Nunzio; Peterson, Erik J.
Abstract
Immune cells sense microbial products through Toll-like receptors (TLR), which trigger host defense responses including type 1 interferons (IFNs) secretion. A coding polymorphism in the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene is a susceptibility allele for human autoimmune and infectious disease. We report that Ptpn22 selectively regulated type 1 IFN production after TLR engagement in myeloid cells. Ptpn22 promoted host antiviral responses and was critical for TLR agonist-induced, type 1 IFN-dependent suppression of inflammation in colitis and arthritis. PTPN22 directly associated with TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and promotes TRAF3 lysine 63-linked ubiquitination. The disease-associated PTPN22W variant failed to promote TRAF3 ubiquitination, type 1 IFN upregulation, and type 1 IFN-dependent suppression of arthritis. The findings establish a candidate innate immune mechanism of action for a human autoimmunity "risk" gene in the regulation of host defense and inflammation.
Development of an in vitro immunobiotic evaluation system against rotavirus infection in bovine intestinal epitheliocytes
BENEFICIAL MICROBES
Authors: Kobayashi, H.; Kanmani, P.; Ishizuka, T.; Miyazaki, A.; Soma, J.; Albarracin, L.; Suda, Y.; Nochi, T.; Aso, H.; Iwabuchi, N.; Xiao, J. -Z.; Saito, T.; Villena, J.; Kitazawa, H.
Abstract
The bovine intestinal epithelial cell line (BIE cells) expresses the Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and is able to mount anantiviral immune response after the stimulation with poly(I:C). In the present study, we aimed to further characterise the antiviral defence mechanisms in BIE cells by evaluating the innate immune response triggered by rotavirus (RV) infection. In addition, we attempted to determine whether immunobiotic bifidobacteria are able to confer protection of BIE cells against RV infection by beneficially modulating the antiviral immune response. RV OSU (porcine) and UK (bovine) effectively infected BIE cells, while a significant lower capacity to infect BIE cells was observed for human (Wa) and murine (EW) RV. We observed that viral infection in BIE cells triggered TLR3/RIG-I-mediated immune responses with activation of IRF3 and TRAF3, induction of interferon beta (IFN-beta) and up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Our results also demonstrated that preventive treatments with Bifidobacterium infantis MCC12 or Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 significantly reduced RV titres in infected BIE cells and differentially modulated the innate immune response. Of note, both strains significantly improved the production of the antiviral factor IFN-beta in RV-infected BIE cells. In conclusion, this work provides comprehensive information on the antiviral immune response of BIE cells against RV, that can be further studied for the development of strategies aimed to improve antiviral defences in bovine intestinal epithelial cells. Our results also demonstrate that BIE cells could be used as a newly immunobiotic evaluation system against RV infection for application in the bovine host.