Anti-rbcL (full length) polyclonal antibody

The Hamamelidaceae s. 1. consists of 27-31 genera and about 100 species that are disjunctly distributed in Western, Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, North, Central and South America, Eastern Africa and Northeastern Australia. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed among the 51 species from 28 genera of Hamamelidaceae s. 1. and 4 outgroups - Itea chinensis (Iteaceae), Paeonia brownii and P. lactiflora (Paeoniaceae), Cercidiphyllum japonicum (Cercidiphyllaceae) and Daphniphyllum oldhamii (Daphniphyllaceae) as the outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted based on maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Six sequences were used in the molecular analysis including one nuclear (ITS-5.8S rRNA) and five chloroplast (matK, rbcL, trnL-trnF, psaA-ycf3, psbA-trnH) DNA. The results indicate that Hamamelidaceae s. 1. forms a paraphyletic Glade, but Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae s. s. are monophyletic. Based on the calibration of the phylogenetic tree with fossil records, a hypothesis is proposed on the phylogenetic biogeography of Hamamelidaceae s. 1. It is supposed that Altingiaceae originated in North America 95 mya and spread first to Eastern Asia across the Bering Land Bridge, and then to Europe across the North Atlantic Land Bridge. The Hamamelidaceae s.. s. separated from Altingiaceae about 90 mya in Europe and has a complex biogeographical history; which includes dispersal to Africa and Madagascar, Australia, and four independent cases of dispersal to North America of taxa from different Hamamelidoideae tribes.

Since ice-free areas in Antarctica are predicted to increase by up to 25% before the end of this century, lichens such as the genus Placopsis will be important colonizers of these newly available grounds and will still be present in later successional stages of the lichen community. The main symbionts of Placopsis species are examined for 56 specimens collected from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica using molecular (fungal and algal nrITS, fungal RPB1, algal rbcL sequences) and morphological methods. The specimens were collected from soils with different deglaciation times. Eight uni-algal photobiont cultures were obtained and analysed from two specimens. Placopsis antarctica and P. contortuplicata proved to be monophyletic and are sister species, only the former producing vegetative diaspores (soredia). Both share the same photobiont pool and are lichenized with two closely related species, Stichococcus antarcticus and S. allas. Two haplotypes of S. antarcticus are restricted to areas deglaciated for more than 5000 years and the volcanic Deception Island indicating a shift in the photobionts of Placopsis in the course of the soil and lichen community development. These photobiont haplotypes exhibit different ecological preferences, possibly leading to adaptation of the symbiotic entity to changing environmental conditions.