Anti-PIN4 (aa 61-156) polyclonal antibody

Auxin is an important plant hormone that is essential for growth and development due to its effects on organogenesis, morphogenesis, tropisms, and apical dominance. The functional diversity of auxin highlights the importance of its biosynthesis, transport, and associated responses. In this study, we show that a NAC transcription factor, ANAC092 (also named AtNAC2 and ORESARA1), known to positively regulate leaf senescence and contribute to abiotic stress responses, also affects primary root development. Plants overexpressing ANAC092 had altered root meristem lengths and shorter primary roots compared with the wild-type control. Additionally, expression of the proANAC092::GUS was strongly induced by indole-3-acetic acid. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the YUCCA2, PIN, and ARF expression levels were downregulated in ANAC092-overexpressing plants. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that ANAC092 binds to the promoters of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ARF8) and PIN-FORMED 4 (PIN4). Furthermore, a dual-luciferase assay indicated that ANAC092 decreases ARF8 and PIN4 promoter activities. We also applied a CRISPR/Cas9 system to mutate ANAC092. The roots of three of the analyzed mutants were longer than normal. Collectively, our findings indicate that ANAC092 negatively affects root development by controlling the auxin pathway.

Prostate biopsies with foci of atypical glands suspicious, but not diagnostic of carcinoma (ATYP) are associated with an increased risk of cancer diagnosis in subsequent biopsies. The significance of similar findings in transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP) is unknown. A total of 1338 specimens without a diagnosis of cancer were retrieved from our surgical pathology files from 1994 through 2014. Of these, 18 cases (1.3%) were identified with the diagnosis of ATYP. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p63, high molecular weight cytokeratin, and racemase (PIN4) was performed in all cases. The cases were grouped based on the main benign mimicker of cancer that could not be excluded from the differential diagnosis and prevented a definitive diagnosis. Adenosis accounted for 50% of the cases (9/18), 33.3% of the cases (6/18) were cautery artifact, 11% of the cases (2/18) were basal-cell hyperplasia with nucleoli and 5.6%, a single case, cribriform clear cell hyperplasia could not be excluded. Eight patients had follow-up biopsies and 2 were diagnosed with prostatic adenocarcinoma Gleason grade 3+3=6; both were alive 3 years after initial diagnosis. Although the most frequent benign mimickers that prevent a definitive diagnosis of cancer in needle biopsies are the small size of the atypical foci, PIN and partial atrophy, in TURPs, they are adenosis and cautery artifact. The rate of cancer diagnosed in follow-up is similar or lower than in patients with prior benign prostate needle biopsies and significantly lower than in patients with a prior diagnosis of ATYP in biopsies of the peripheral zone.