Anti-PIK3R1 polyclonal antibody

Although many driver mutations are thought to promote carcinogenesis via abnormal splicing, the landscape of splicing-associated variants (SAVs) remains unknown due to the complexity of splicing abnormalities. Here, we developed a statistical framework to systematically identify SAVs disrupting or newly creating splice site motifs and applied it to matched whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing data from 8976 samples across 31 cancer types, generating a catalog of 14,438 SAVs. Such a large collection of SAVs enabled us to characterize their genomic features, underlying mutational processes, and influence on cancer driver genes. In fact, similar to 50% of SAVs identified were those disrupting noncanonical splice sites (non-GT-AG dinucleotides), including the third and fifth intronic bases of donor sites, or newly creating splice sites. Mutation signature analysis revealed that tobacco smoking is more strongly associated with SAVs, whereas ultraviolet exposure has less impact. SAVs showed remarkable enrichment of cancer-related genes, and as many as 14.7% of samples harbored at least one SAVs affecting them, particularly in tumor suppressors. In addition to intron retention, whose association with tumor suppressor inactivation has been previously reported, exon skipping and alternative splice site usage caused by SAVs frequently affected tumor suppressors. Finally, we described high-resolution distributions of SAVs along the gene and their splicing outcomes in commonly disrupted genes, including TP53, PIK3R1, GATA3, and CDKN2A, which offers genetic clues for understanding their functional properties. Collectively, our findings delineate a comprehensive portrait of SAVs, novel insights into transcriptional de-regulation in cancer.

Effective treatment options for advanced salivary gland tumors are lacking. To better understand these tumors, we report their genomic landscape. We studied the molecular aberrations in 117 patients with salivary gland tumors that were, on physician request, tested in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) laboratory (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA) using next-generation sequencing (182 or 236 genes), and analyzed by N-of-One, Inc. (Lexington, MA). There were 354 total aberrations, with 240 distinct aberrations identified in this patient population. Only 10 individuals (8.5%) had a molecular portfolio that was identical to any other patient (with four different portfolios amongst the ten patients). The most common abnormalities involved the TP53 gene (36/117 [30.8% of patients]), cyclin pathway (CCND1, CDK4/6 or CDKN2A/B) (31/117 [26.5%]) and PI3K pathway (PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PTEN or AKT1/3) (28/117 [23.9%]). In multivariate analysis, statistically significant co-existing aberrations were observed as follows: TP53 and ERBB2 (p = 0.01), cyclin pathway and MDM2 (p = 0.03), and PI3K pathway and HRAS (p = 0.0001). We were able to identify possible cognate targeted therapies in most of the patients (107/117 [91.5%]), including FDA-approved drugs in 80/117 [68.4%]. In conclusion, salivary gland tumors were characterized by multiple distinct aberrations that mostly differed from patient to patient. Significant associations between aberrations in TP53 and ERBB2, the cyclin pathway and MDM2, and HRAS and the PI3K pathway were identified. Most patients had actionable alterations. These results provide a framework for tailored combinations of matched therapies.