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It is well known that both protein and iso-humulone, originating from barley malt and hops respectively, play important roles in beer foam stability. In this study, we hypothesize that the interaction of iso-humulone and different beer proteins will give rise to adsorbed layers with different characteristics at hydrophobic surfaces. The properties of these adsorbed layers are likely to play a crucial role for beer foam formation and stability. Beer protein and iso-humulone were extracted based on the brewing process from barley malt and hop respectively. The proteins were fractionated into two fractions (lipid transfer protein (LTP) and a mixed fraction of LTP and protein Z) and their interfacial properties as well as interaction with iso-humulone in solution and at hydrophobic surfaces were investigated by surface rheology and ellipsometry. The results show that the composition and properties of the adsorbed layers depend on how the layer is formed and that iso-humulone plays an important role for the characteristics of the adsorbed protein layers. The interaction between isohumulone and protein Z is found to have pronounced effects of yielding a coherent and elastic adsorbed layer and, thus, for beer foam stability.

Purpose Stiffness is a common problem following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Mal-rotated components have been claimed to be the major cause of pain and limited motion after TKA. The present study investigates whether intra-operative intentional malrotation of the tibial component would change in vivo kinematics. The hypothesis is excessive internal rotation of the tibial component would result in postoperative extension deficit. Methods Thirty-one patients were enrolled in this study. After completing bony cuts and proper soft tissue balancing, the femoral and tibial trials were impacted and fixed using small pins. Lateral radiographs were used to measure and compare intraoperative full knee extension during normal and after intentional internal rotation of the tibial component. The extension deficit angles were also compared between the posterior stabilised (PS) and cruciate retaining (CR) implants. Results For normal tibial component rotation, the median (interquartile range) extension deficit was 0 degrees (4). The mean tibial trial intentional internal rotation was 21.2 degrees (+/- 4.5). The median (interquartile range) extension deficit significantly increased to 6 degrees (4) after tibial component internal rotation (p = 0.001). The use of PS spacers resulted in a significantly greater extension deficit after intentional internal rotation 9 degrees (5) compared to that of the CR implant 1 degrees (4) (p = 0.001). Conclusion Internal rotation of the tibial component in total knee arthroplasty can lead to postoperative extension deficit. This could be attributed to interference with "screw home" mechanism that requires full external rotation of the tibia on the femur. Consequently, this deficit may cause pain and knee stiffness following TKA.