Hydrogen production by SI process, with electrodialysis stack embedded in HI decomposition
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
Authors: Kang, Kyoung-Soo; Kim, Chang-Hee; Kim, Jong-Won; Cho, Won-Chul; Jeong, Seong-Uk; Park, Chu-Sik; Park, Byung-Heung; Kang, Jeong-Won; Bae, Ki-Kwang
Abstract
Hydrogen production by the sulfur-iodine (SI) process, with an electrodialysis (ED) stack embedded in the HI decomposition section (SEC3) to concentrate HI in the HIx solution and overcome the pseudo-azeotrope, was conducted under pressurized conditions. The HIx solution of H2O/HI = 5.63-6.13 and I-2/HI = 0.57-1.97 was supplied to the SEC3. HI gas was concentrated in a packed distillation column and decomposed over Pt/Al2O3. The experimental results of distillation column operation under different feed rates and HIx compositions are reported. The raffinate from the column showed a pseudo-azeotropic Hlx mixture, as predicted in previous research. The dynamic responses of the ED stack were examined during the start-up period according to the HIx feed composition at the anode inlet. The ED voltage changed with the I-2 concentration in the inlet flow. The proton transport number (t(+)) and electro-osmosis coefficient (beta) were estimated for the ED stack during the operations. Hydrogen production ranged from 18.3 to 50 L/h, depending on the operating conditions and HIx feed composition. Copyright (c) 2015, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hlx is induced by and genetically interacts with T-bet to promote heritable T(H)1 gene induction
NATURE IMMUNOLOGY
Authors: Mullen, AC; Hutchins, AS; High, FA; Lee, HW; Sykes, KJ; Chodosh, LA; Reiner, SL
Abstract
Type 1 helper T (T(H)1) cells are essential for cellular immunity, but their ontogeny, maturation and durability remain poorly understood. By constructing a dominant-negative form of T-bet, we were able to determine the role played by this lineage-inducing trans-activator in the establishment and maintenance of heritable T(H)1 gene expression. Optimal induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) expression required genetic interaction between T-bet and its target, the homeoprotein Hlx. In fully mature T(H)1 cells, reiteration of IFN-gamma expression and stable chromatin remodeling became relatively independent of T-bet activity and coincided with demethylation of DNA. In contrast, some lineage attributes, such as expression of IL-12Rbeta2 (interleukin 12 receptor beta2), required ongoing T-bet activity in mature THI cells and their progeny. These findings suggest that heritable states of gene expression might be maintained by continued expression of the inducing factor or by a mechanism that confers a stable imprint of the induced state.