Anti-GNS monoclonal antibody

Aim Pattern of kidney diseases varies across geographies due to multiple factors. There is a paucity of information from South Asia due to the absence of nationwide/regional biopsy registries. This study aimed to delineate the spectrum of renal parenchymal diseases in our region. Methods Records of kidney biopsies done in our nephrology department between 2006 and 2016 were analysed. Clinico-pathological correlation was done from the available records. Results Of the 3275 biopsy evaluated, 61.9% were males, and mean age was 33.2 +/- 14.2 years. 6.2% patients were elderly (age >= 60 years). Nephrotic syndrome (60.3%) was the commonest indication for biopsy. On histology, 73.0% patients had primary glomerulonephritis (GN), 15.5% secondary GN, 5.3% tubulo-interstitial and 3.7% vascular disease. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) was the commonest primary GN accounting for 18.2% of all GNs, followed by minimal change disease (16.8%), membranous nephropathy (MN) (16.0%) and IgA nephropathy (10.4%). Lupus nephritis (10.6%) and amyloidosis (3.7%) were the commonest secondary GN. The commonest cause of nephrotic syndrome was minimal change disease (22.9%), acute nephritic syndrome was lupus nephritis (30.6%), rapidly progressive renal failure was pauci-immune crescentic GN (24.5%). IgA nephropathy was the commonest etiology of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities (26.3%) and gross haematuria (50%). About 60.9% patients of undetermined chronic kidney disease had glomerular diseases, and 13.6% had chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. Lupus nephritis and acute cortical necrosis were significantly more common in females compared with males. Conclusion This is one of the largest cohorts of kidney biopsies from India, and it delineates the unique features and differences in the pattern of kidney disease in our population.

Polymer composite with high thermal conductivity (TC) and low dielectric property has great applications in electronic packaging. Herein, we fabricated a series of boron nitride nanosheets-graphene nanosheets-polytetrafluoroethylene (BNNs-GNs-PTFE, BGP) composites, in which the GNs contents of composites were all constant at 1 wt%, via liquid mixing, followed by cold-pressing and sintering. The results demonstrated that the BGP composites possessed good crystallization, excellent thermal stability, high TC and low dielectric property. When BNNs-GNs content was 25 wt%, the BGP composite had a TC of 1.41 W m(-1) K-1. The synergetic effect of BNNs and GNs on the enhancement of composite's TC was investigated with a modified effective medium theory (EMT) model. In addition, we found that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of BGP composites remained at a low level. The study indicated that adding small content of GNs into BNNs-PTFE composite can significantly enhance the composite's TC, while maintaining its low dielectric constant.