Anti-CLAD polyclonal antibody

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are highly conserved multifunctional enzymes that play crucial roles in insecticide resistance development. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of P450s in acetamiprid resistance development to melon aphid, Aphis gossypii was investigated. Acetamiprid resistant (32.64-fold resistance) population (Ace-R) of A. gossypii was established by continuous selection with acetamiprid for 24 generations. Quantitative Real Time PCR was carried out to analyze the expression of P450 genes in both acetamiprid resistant (Ace-R) and susceptible (Ace-S) strains. Result showed that nine genes (CYP6CY14, CYP6DC1, CYP6CZ1, CYP6DD1, CYP6CY5, CYP6CY9, CYP6DA1, CYP6CY18, and CYP6CY16) of CYP3 clade, four genes (CYP302A1, CYP315A1, CYP301A1, and CYP314A1) of CYP2 clade, two genes (CYP4CK1, CYP4G51) of CYP4 clade and three genes (CYP306A1, CYP305E1, CYP307A1) of mitochondrial clade (Mito clad) were significantly up-regulated, in Ace-R compared to Ace-S strain. Whilst CYP4CJ2 gene from (CYP4 clade) was significantly down-regulated in Ace-R strain. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated knockdown of CYP6CY14, CYP6DC1, and CYP6CZ1 genes significantly increased the sensitivity of Ace-R strain to acetamiprid. Taken together, this study showed that P450 genes especially CYP6CY14, CYP6DC1 and CYP6CZ1 are potentially involved in acetamiprid resistance development in A. gossypii. This study could be useful to understand the molecular basis of acetamiprid resistance mechanism in A. gossypii.

The two-phase FeCoCrNiMnAl high entropy alloy cladding layer was produced by laser cladding method, and its strengthening mechanism was studied. Using XRD, EDS, TEM and EBSD analyses, the phase and microstructural evolutions, dislocation density and distribution, and degree of lattice distortion were investigated. Nano-indentation and tensile tests were employed to study the hardness and tensile properties of the cladding layer, respectively. The results show that Al element, due to its large atomic radius, promoted the formation of BCC solid solution in the cladding layer and significantly refined the grains. Diffraction peak shift, change lattice constant change, interplanar spacing and crystal plane included angle calculations indicate that all the phases in the FeCoCrNiMn and FeCoCrNiMnAl cladding layers experienced serious lattice distortions. Dislocations in the FeCoCrNiMnAl coating mainly accumulated and moved in the softer FCC phase, increasing the material's resistance to plastic deformation. The combined effects of grain size, lattice distortion, dislocation density and dual-phase interaction significantly increased the plastic deformation resistance (i.e., tensile strength, yield strength and microhardness) of the FeCoCrNiMnAl coating compared to the FeCoCrNiMn coating, but also reduced the elastoplasticity.