Immunological differences between primary and metastatic breast cancer
ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY
Authors: Szekely, B.; Bossuyt, V.; Li, X.; Wali, V. B.; Patwardhan, G. A.; Frederick, C.; Silber, A.; Park, T.; Harigopal, M.; Pelekanou, V.; Zhang, M.; Yan, Q.; Rimm, D. L.; Bianchini, G.; Hatzis, C.; Pusztai, L.
Abstract
Little is known about how the immune microenvironment of breast cancer evolves during disease progression. We compared tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) count, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein expression by immunohistochemistry and mRNA levels of 730 immune-related genes using Nanostring technology in primary and metastatic cancer samples. TIL counts and PD-L1 positivity were significantly lower in metastases. Immune cell metagenes corresponding to CD8, T-helper, T-reg, Cytotoxic T, Dendritic and Mastoid cells, and expression of 13 of 29 immuno-oncology therapeutic targets in clinical development including PD1, PD-L1, and CTLA4 were significantly lower in metastases. There was also coordinated down regulation of chemoattractant ligand/receptor pairs (CCL19/CCR7, CXCL9/CXCR3, IL15/IL15R), interferon regulated genes (STAT1, IRF-1,-4,-7, IFI-27,-35), granzyme/granulysin, MHC class I and immune proteasome (PSMB-8,-9,-10) expression in metastases. Immunotherapy response predictive signatures were also lower. The expression of macrophage markers (CD163, CCL2/CCR2, CSF1/CSFR1, CXCR4/CXCL12), protumorigenic toll-like receptor pathway genes (CD14/TLR-1,-2,-4,-5,-6/MyD88), HLA-E, ecto-nuclease CD73/NT5E and inhibitory complement receptors (CD-59,-55,-46) remained high in metastases and represent potential therapeutic targets. Metastatic breast cancers are immunologically more inert than the corresponding primary tumors but some immune-oncology targets and macrophage and angiogenesis signatures show preserved expression and suggest therapeutic combinations for clinical testing.
Dendritic cells cross-talk with tumour antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, V9T cells and V24NKT cells in patients with glioblastoma multiforme and in healthy donors
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY
Authors: Eiraku, Y.; Terunuma, H.; Yagi, M.; Deng, X.; Nicol, A. J.; Nieda, M.
Abstract
The finding that dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses has stimulated research on harnessing DCs for developing more effective vaccines for DC therapy. The expression of cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) presents a unique opportunity to target these viral proteins for tumour immunotherapy. Here, we demonstrate that V9T cells, innate immune cells activated by zoledronate (Z) and V24 natural killer (V24NK) cells, innate/adaptive immune cells activated by -galactosylceramide (G) can link innate and adaptive immunities through cross-talk with interferon (IFN) DCs from patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and healthy donors in a manner that can amplify the activation and proliferation of CMVpp65-specific CD8(+) T cells. The IFN DCs derived from patients with GBM used in this study express lower levels of programmed cell death ligand (PD)-L1 and PD-L2 and higher levels of C-C receptor 7 (CCR7) than the most commonly used mature interleukin (IL)-4 DCs. The expression level of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) on CD8(+) T cells, including CMVpp65-specific CD8(+) T cells, expanded by IFN DCs pulsed with the CMVpp65-peptide and Z plus G (IFN DCs/P+Z+G), was lower than that expanded by IFN DCs pulsed with the peptide alone (IFN DCs/P). Multi-functional T cells, including human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201-restricted CMVpp65-specific CD8(+) T cells, V9T cells and V24NKT cells, efficiently kill the HLA-A*0201-positive GBM cell line expressing CMVpp65 protein (T98G). These findings indicate that DC therapy using IFN DCs/P+Z+G and/or CTL therapy using CMVpp65-specific CD8(+) T cells expanded by IFN DCs/P+Z+G may lead to a good clinical outcome for patients with GBM.
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