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Oceanic global and individual basin (i.e., Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans) sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) are analyzed jointly, using MTM/SVD technique. Besides global and individual secular variability, differences in low-frequency climate signals are evidenced: that is, an inter-decadal signal dominates in the Indian and Pacific oceans, while a quasi-decadal signal dominates in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Two inter-annual global and individual climate signals dominate: i.e., ENSO and quasi-biennial (QB). Moreover, significant correlations are found between three known equatorial SST indices (i.e., IO1 in Indian Ocean, NINO3 in Pacific Ocean, and ATL2 in Atlantic Ocean), and SST time-series obtained by summing-up only global lead-frequency signals identified here: i.e., 0.74, 0.82, and 0.56 respectively. These results should help improving long-term climate numerical forecasts and mitigating societal impacts by using observed specific equatorial SSTs time-series, in a climate change context.

We describe the identification and structural characterization of a novel family of Arabidopsis genes related to ATL2 which encode a variant of the RING zinc finger domain, known as RING-H2. Analysis of genes selected by us and of sequences from Arabidopsis stored in databases permitted the prediction of several RING-H2 proteins that contain highly homologous RING domains. The ATL gene family is represented by fifteen sequences that contain, in addition to the RING, a transmembrane domain which is located in most of them towards the N-terminal end. Transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings carrying the ATL2 promoter fused to the GUS reporter gene revealed that the expression of ATL2 is rapidly induced after exposure to chitin or inactivated crude cellulase preparations. Rapid induction of transcript accumulation of another member of the ATL family was also observed under the same conditions. These results suggest that some ATLs may be involved in the early stages of the defense response triggered in plants in response to pathogen attack.