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Introduced in 2011, the supervised vicarious calibration (SVC) approach is a promising approach to radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction of airborne hyperspectral (HRS) data. This paper presents a comprehensive study by which the SVC method has been systematically examined and a complete protocol for its practical execution has been established-along with possible limitations encountered during the campaign. The technique was applied to multi-sourced HRS data in order to: (1) verify the at-sensor radiometric calibration and (2) obtain radiometric and atmospheric correction coefficients. Spanning two select study sites along the southeast coast of France, data were collected simultaneously by three airborne sensors (AisaDUAL, AHS and CASI-1500i) aboard two aircrafts (CASA of National Institute for Aerospace Technology INTA ES and DORNIER 228 of NERC-ARSF Centre UK). The SVC ground calibration site was assembled along sand dunes near Montpellier and the thematic data were acquired from other areas in the south of France (Salon-de-Provence, Marseille, Avignon and Montpellier) on 28 October 2010 between 12:00 and 16:00 UTC. The results of this study confirm that the SVC method enables reliable inspection and, if necessary, in-situ fine radiometric recalibration of airborne hyperspectral data. Independent of sensor or platform quality, the SVC approach allows users to improve at-sensor data to obtain more accurate physical units and subsequently improved reflectance information. Flight direction was found to be important, whereas the flight altitude posed very low impact. The numerous rules and major outcomes of this experiment enable a new standard of atmospherically corrected data based on better radiometric output. Future research should examine the potential of SVC to be applied to super-and-hyperspectral data obtained from on-orbit sensors.

Organoarsenical biotransformations are important components of the global cycling of arsenic. Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzenearsenate or Rox(V)) and nitarsone (4-nitrobenzene arsenate or Nit(V)) are synthetic aromatic organoarsenicals used in the poultry industry as additives to prevent coccidiosis and improve feed efficiency. Here, we describe a novel pathway of resistance to roxarsone and nitarsone involving biotransformation of their trivalent forms (Rox(III)) and (Nit(III)) to the trivalent organoarsenicals HAPA(III) and pAsA(III), coupled to active extrusion of the aromatic amino-benezylarsenicals from the cells. The arsE, arsF, and arsG were cloned from the arsenic island in the chromosome of Shewanella putrefaciens 200. When expressed in Escherichia coli together, but not alone, arsEFG conferred resistance to Rox(III) and Nit(III) and decreased the accumulation of both. The cells transformed Rox(III) or Nit(III) to HAPA(III) or pAsA(III) by reducing the nitro group to an amine. Everted membrane vesicles from cells expressing arsG accumulated HAPA(III) or pAsA(III). Our data indicate that ArsE and ArsF together reduce Rox(III) or Nit(III) to HAPA(III) or pAsA(III), which are extruded from the cells by the efflux permease ArsG. Identification of the coupled pathway of ArsE, ArsF, and ArsG catalysis is a molecular description of a novel pathway for resistance to roxarsone and nitarsone.