Hepatitis viruses are among the many infectious diseases which attack the host. The liver is the main target of hepatitis and is a part of a larger family of infectious viruses like dengue, malaria, polio, and many other such viruses which infect the human host. As the liver is a vital part of the body, the viral hepatitis which attacks the liver is also a globally debilitating virus. The virus causes inflammation of the liver and leads to deadly diseases such as cirrhosis and cancer. The leading causative agents for hepatitis are the Hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E. Detection of these hepatitis viruses is a very important concern for the timely treatment and prevention of the disease. It is also important for the diagnosis and vaccine development of viral hepatitis. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits have become the gold standard for the detection of viral hepatitis, diagnosis, and vaccine development.
Figure 1. Hepatitis B Virus Entry into Cells. (Herrscher, Charline, et al, 2020)
Positive hepatitis B surface antibody means that when hepatitis B virus invades the human body, it stimulates the human immune system to produce an immune response. The effector B cells (plasma cells) differentiated from the B lymphocytes in the human immune system secrete a specific immunoglobulin G, which is the surface antibody. It can specifically combine with the surface antigen, and then under the joint action of the body and other immune functions of the human body, it can remove the virus and protect the human body from being infected by hepatitis B virus. Therefore, the surface antibody is called a protective antibody. With surface antibodies, it proves that humans have developed immunity. After natural infection or injection of hepatitis B vaccine, people can produce hepatitis B surface antibody; But not everyone can produce surface antibodies.
Positive hepatitis B surface antibody is the sign of hepatitis B protective antibody produced by human body, which usually indicates that it can protect human body from hepatitis B infection. But there are also a few people who are positive for hepatitis B surface antibody, but also infected with hepatitis B, which may be different subtypes of infection or hepatitis B virus mutation. In addition, it should be noted that when the surface antibody of hepatitis B is weakly positive, the human body may lose the protective effect of hepatitis B.
General treatment: During the active period of acute and chronic hepatitis, hospitalization treatment, bed rest, reasonable nutrition, and ensuring the supply of calories, protein, and vitamins are necessary. Drinking alcohol is strictly prohibited, and activity should gradually increase during the recovery period. In the quiescent phase of chronic hepatitis, one can do their best to work. For severe hepatitis, one should stay in bed absolutely, reduce protein in the diet as much as possible, ensure calories and vitamins, and can receive human serum albumin or fresh plasma to maintain water and electrolyte stability.
Antiviral therapy: Acute hepatitis generally does not require antiviral treatment, while chronic viral hepatitis requires antiviral treatment. Recombinant DNA leukocyte interferon (IFN - α) can inhibit HBV replication. Intramuscular injection every other day for 6 consecutive months, only 30% to 50% of patients achieved long-lasting effects. The preferred drug for hepatitis C is interferon, which can be used in combination with ribavirin.
The hepatitis B virus is mainly transmitted through blood, and therefore the most important modes of transmission are vertical transmission from mother to child and iatrogenic infection. Preventive measures include:
For chronic hepatitis and asymptomatic carriers of HBV, blood donation and work in food and childcare should be prohibited. For patients with HBV positive liver disease, treatment and management guidance should be provided based on their symptoms, signs, and laboratory test results.
The key point of hepatitis B is to prevent the transmission through blood and body fluids, strengthen the screening of blood donors, and strictly grasp the application of blood transfusion and blood products. If it is found or suspected that there is a possibility of wound or acupuncture infection of hepatitis B virus, the high-efficient hepatitis B immunoglobulin syringe can be used for interventional examination and treatment, and the instruments should be strictly sterilized to control mother to child transmission.
Artificial immunization, especially active immunization, is the fundamental measure to prevent hepatitis. For babies born to HBsAg and HBeAg positive pregnant women, high titer hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) should be injected within 24 hours of birth, while hepatitis B vaccine should be injected once, and HBIG and vaccine should be injected again one month after birth.
What is hepatitis B virus? Hepatitis B virus belongs to the hepatotropic DNA virus family and is the pathogen of hepatitis B. It is a 42nm diameter enveloped DNA virus with a partially double stranded circular DNA genome, encoding HBsAg, HBcAg, HBeAg, viral polymerase, and HBx protein. It consists of an outer membrane and an inner core. The hepatitis B virus e antibody detection kit is a detection kit used for quantitative or qualitative detection of hepatitis B virus e antibodies in human serum and plasma. It uses hepatitis B virus e antibodies as the detection object, and the detection process generally includes sample collection, sample pretreatment, and antibody detection. Combined with clinical and other laboratory indicators, it can be used as an auxiliary diagnosis for hepatitis B virus infection.
Chemiluminescent method is an analytical method that determines the content of substances based on the intensity of radiation generated by chemical reactions. They are oxidized by oxidants or catalyzed by catalysts to become excited state products. When they return to the ground state, the remaining energy is converted into photons. Then, the luminescence signal energy instrument is used to measure the yield of photons, and the intensity of the produced photons is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. In addition to chemiluminescence, this standard is also applicable to quantitative or qualitative detection of hepatitis B virus e antibodies in human serum and plasma using methods such as particle chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, photoexcited chemiluminescence, and time-resolved fluorescence.
This reagent kit (chemiluminescence method) generally consists of a coated plate, enzyme conjugate, negative control, positive control, washing solution, luminescent substrate, calibration standard, etc.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit can be used to measure drug concentration and anti drug antibodies. The Creative Diagnostics Elisa assay product line is as follows:
| ELISA Kit | Application |
| Antibody to HBsAg ELISA Kit | This anti-HBs ELISA kit is an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for quantitative detection of antibodies to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (anti-HBs) in human serum or plasma and assessing antibody response levels to HBsAg-vaccine. |
| Human Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Core Antigen (HBc) Antibody ELISA Kit | This ELISA kit is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for qualitative detection of antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen (anti-HBc) in human serum or plasma. It is intended for use in clinical laboratories for diagnosis and management of patients related to infection with hepatitis B virus. |
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