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Poxvirus is a type of DNA virus that causes skin damage in humans and animals, belonging to the largest and structurally complex DNA virus family. The virus is brick shaped or oval shaped, with a size of (300-450) nanometers × (170-260) nanometers, and has a core, lateral body, and envelope. The DNA is a linear double stranded structure. The Poxvirus family includes the genera Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus, among which Orthopoxvirus can cause systemic diseases such as smallpox, while Parapoxvirus mainly infects ungulates and can be transmitted to humans. The monkeypox virus was first isolated from crab eating macaques in 1958, and the first human infection case was confirmed in 1970. The virus genome is a double stranded DNA chain with closed ends, which enters the host cell through fusion or endocytosis and replicates in the cytoplasm.
Figure 1. Architecture of Cullin-RING E3 Ub ligases (CRLs) and its manipulation by poxvirus adaptors.( Lant, Sian,2021)
There are mainly ① Orthopoxvirus genus: mammalian viruses containing 14 members, most of which cause systemic rash. Smallpox virus is the pathogen responsible for human smallpox. ② Vaccinia virus: a virus used for smallpox vaccination after animal, chicken embryo, and cell culture proliferation in the laboratory. ③ Parapoxvirus genus: a virus of ungulates that can infect humans. In addition, there are avian pox virus genus, goat pox virus genus, rabbit pox virus genus, pig pox virus genus, etc. Caused by pigeon pox virus infection, it mostly occurs in young pigeons under one year old. The mainstream season is from March to June every year, and it can also be infected in other seasons, posing a serious threat to unvaccinated racing pigeons.
Undergraduate students are the largest class of DNA viruses with complex structures. The virus particles are brick shaped or oval shaped, with a size of (300-450) × (170-260) nanometers, and a cesium chloride buoyancy density of 1.1-1.33. It has a core, lateral body, and envelope, with the core containing viral DNA that binds to proteins. DNA is a linear double stranded DNA with a molecular weight of (85-240) × 106, and the base content of guanine and cytosine is low. There are over 30 structural proteins and several enzymes in viral particles, and the core protein contains DNA dependent RNA polymerase. Viruses proliferate in the cytoplasm, forming inclusion bodies, and virus particles are released from microvilli or cell lysis. Undergraduate studies include two subfamilies: vertebrate poxvirus and insect poxvirus (see insect viruses). The subfamily of vertebrate poxviruses includes members of six genera and undetermined genera (such as infectious molluscum virus, etc.). Members of the Orthopoxvirus genus produce hemagglutinin that can be separated from viral particles. Members of the Orthopoxvirus and avian poxvirus genera are resistant to ether, while other genera are sensitive to ether. Except for members of the Parapoxvirus and Porcine Poxvirus genera, they can all proliferate and form pimples on the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane.
Poxvirus (such as acne virus and smallpox virus), as a large enveloped DNA virus, first achieves host cell attachment through multi-target synergistic binding:
Initial binding targets: Virus surface proteins (such as L1R, A27L) preferentially bind to host cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) - these glycosaminoglycans are widely present on the surface of epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and are the primary targets for virus "anchoring" cells. Cells lacking HS are significantly less susceptible to Poxvirus;
Specific invasion targets: After initial binding, the virus further recognizes the host cell's EGF receptor family (EGFR, ErbB2), mannose receptor (MR), and β 1 integrin (α5β1, αvβ3) through surface proteins (such as A36R, E2L) - these transmembrane proteins act as "invasion portals", triggering the fusion of the virus envelope and cell membrane through conformational changes, or mediating the virus endocytic pathway into the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of EGFR also activates the host cell's intracellular signaling pathway (such as PI3K Akt), creating a favorable environment for subsequent virus replication.
Turtles under 60 days of age (mainly bronze turkeys) may develop papules on the skin of their sarcomas, meat cones, head and neck, wings without or with few feathers, tibia, and chicken feet. Some also exhibit mucosal symptoms, with small cysts as small as soybeans or as large as fava beans on the mucosa of the mouth, throat, and inner corners of the eyes of sick chickens. Some occur in one eye, while others occur in both eyes, and can even lead to blindness. They die of thirst or starvation due to the inability to find water or food. Some sick chickens form a yellow cellulose necrotic pseudomembrane on the tongue mucosa, and some almost cover the entire tongue surface. When the pseudomembrane is peeled off, blood red ulcer lesions can be seen. Often, due to difficulties in feeding and drinking water, they eventually die of exhaustion. Some sick chickens are also accompanied by mixed infections such as diarrhea, and this type of chicken has more severe losses, with a mortality rate as high as 12%. The anti-poxvirus protein monoclonal antibody, a specific biological agent targeting poxvirus, has shown potential in addressing such infections by helping mitigate viral replication and alleviate severe mucosal damage.
More than 40 sick chickens were dissected successively. The acne rash presents as a paste like substance resembling soybean residue. Cut open the cyst on the surface of the tongue, in the corner of the eye, or on the conjunctiva. Inside, there is a yellow white cloudy purulent paste like liquid, some of which appear as bean curd or cheese like. Blind individuals have little or no food in their crop and are physically thin. Some sick chickens have varying degrees of ulcers in their throat. The surface is covered with cellulose necrotic pseudomembrane. Most lesions do not have mixed infections, while a few have pathological changes accompanied by secondary infections such as pericardial effusion and intestinal inflation.
Due to the typical symptoms of this disease, clinical symptoms such as papules and rashes may appear on the skin, tibia, chicken feet, oral mucosa, and conjunctiva of turkeys with sarcoma, meat cone, head and neck, and no or few feathers on the inner surface of the wings. The pathological changes such as bean curd like paste, yellow white cloudy pus like paste like liquid, or bean curd like or cheese like substances inside the blister can be diagnosed as turkey pox.
Vaccination: Vaccination is the primary preventive measure. The vaccinia virus vaccine, developed by Edward Jenner in 1796, remains the gold standard for protecting against orthopoxviruses.
Biosecurity: Strict biosecurity measures are critical to prevent the spread of animal poxviruses, including quarantine of infected animals, disinfection of premises, and restriction of movement. In addition, the recombinant protein amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus has potential applications in insect vector regulation, which can assist in reducing the risk of smallpox virus transmission through insects.
Surveillance: Global surveillance systems monitor for poxvirus outbreaks, particularly monkeypox, to enable rapid response and contain spread.
Reference
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | Isotype | Application | |
| Poxvirus | CABT-NS1215 | Ferret Anti-Poxvirus L1 Protein Monoclonal Antibody, clone Fab 7d11 | Ferret | IgG1 | ELISA | Inquiry |
| CABT-NS1216 | Rabbit Anti-Poxvirus L1 Protein Monoclonal Antibody, clone Fab 7d11 | Rabbit | IgG | ELISA | Inquiry | |
| CABT-NS1201 | Human Anti-Orthopoxvirus p35 Monoclonal Antibody, clone 1A | Human | IgG1 | WB, ELISA | Inquiry | |
| CABT-NS1202 | Mouse Anti-Orthopoxvirus p35 Monoclonal Antibody, clone 1A | Mouse | IgG1 | WB, ELISA | Inquiry | |
| CABT-NS1203 | Mouse Anti-Orthopoxviruses (ECTV and MPXV) Monoclonal Antibody, clone VACV-5B1 | Mouse | IgG2a | IP, WB, ELISA, FC, IF | Inquiry | |
| CABT-NS1204 | Human Anti-Orthopoxviruses (ECTV and MPXV) Monoclonal Antibody, clone VACV-5B1 | Human | IgG1 | IP, WB, ELISA, FC, IF | Inquiry | |
| CABT-NS1205 | Human Anti-Orthopoxviruses (ECTV and MPXV) Monoclonal Antibody, clone VACV-5B1 | Human | IgM | IP, WB, ELISA, FC, IF | Inquiry |
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Size | |
| Poxvirus | DAGA-3815 | Recombinant Protein Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus AMV219, E.coli | 1 mg | Inquiry |
| DAGA-3816 | Recombinant Protein Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus AMV219, Baculovirus | 1 mg | Inquiry |
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