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Feline Infectious Peritonitis is a lethal immune-mediated vasculitis caused by a variant of feline coronavirus (FCOV), characterized by peritonitis, ascites accumulation, and a nearly 100% mortality rate. This disease is more common in cats aged 0.5-5 years old, and purebred cats, social cats, and stray cats are susceptible. The course of the disease is divided into two types: sudden and chronic. Coronavirus is usually transmitted through the mouth and nose of infected cats' feces, and can also be indirectly infected through contaminated clothing and utensils. After mutation, it leaves the intestine and invades other organs, causing inflammation. Prevention requires strengthening environmental disinfection, controlling cat population density, and regular antibody testing. It is recommended to isolate and raise young cats early and receive nasal vaccinations.
Figure 1. Feline infectious peritonitis virus.
Feline infectious peritonitis is a mutation of feline coronavirus, which cats carry throughout their lives and may develop when their physical condition decreases. It is generally believed that coronaviruses are easily contagious. The transmission rate of coronavirus is very high, and generally speaking, this virus appears quite fragile. Cats carrying coronavirus can detoxify through feces and infect cohabiting cats through oral and nasal transmission. A small number can be transmitted through mechanical means such as clothing, food dishes, bedding, humans, or insects. When the coronavirus mutates, leaves the intestine, invades other organs, and causes inflammation, it will develop into feline viral peritonitis.
Figure 2. Peritonitis virus.
The pathogenic core of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is the synergistic effect of virus immune escape and host immune control, which runs through the entire pathogenic process by regulating multiple targets: during the invasion stage, it relies on aminopeptidase N (APN) as the main receptor, and uses heparan sulfate (HS) as an auxiliary target to enhance binding efficiency, preferentially infecting monocytes macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. At the same time, by inhibiting host interferon receptors (IFNAR/IFNGR), signaling molecules STAT1/STAT2, and translation initiation factor eIF4E, innate immune clearance is avoided and the host translation system is hijacked. During the immunopathological injury stage, the virus downregulates MHC class II molecules in macrophages, inhibits T cell CD28 expression to block specific immunity, and induces macrophages to secrete TNF - α (binding TNFR1/TNFR2), IL-6 (binding IL-6R), and TGF - β (binding TGF - β R), leading to excessive inflammation and the formation of vasculitis and granulomas. During the stage of tissue injury, vascular endothelial cells such as VEGFR and PECAM-1 are utilized to increase vascular permeability (causing ascites/pleural effusion), and liver and kidney function is disrupted through targets such as MMP-9 and TLR4, ultimately leading to multiple organ failure.
| Classification | Details |
| Wet Type | More cats die within two months of onset. There is high protein exudate in the chest and abdominal cavity. From asymptomatic to wheezing or difficulty breathing, depending on the amount of pleural effusion. Progressive painless abdominal swelling, male cats may experience scrotal swelling. Vomiting or diarrhea may occur. Moderate to severe anemia. During clinical examination, it will be found that the muscles on both sides of the spine are progressively weakened and emaciated, and the abdomen shows progressive enlargement |
| Dry Type | Dry type mainly causes pyogranulomatous lesions in organs, and cats may exhibit progressive emaciation, cloudy eyes, pus accumulation in the anterior chamber, pupil constriction, visual impairment, and other symptoms. A few cases are accompanied by multiple progressive neurological symptoms, including posterior paralysis, spasms and tremors, nystagmus, and personality changes. Nodular lesions appear in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, omentum, and lymph nodes. |
The main clinical manifestations of peritonitis are early symptoms of peritoneal irritation, such as abdominal pain, abdominal muscle tension, and rebound pain. In the later stage, due to infection and toxin absorption, the main symptoms are systemic infection and poisoning.
| Clinical Manifestations | Details |
| Abdominal Pain | This is the main symptom of peritonitis. But it is usually very intense, unbearable, and persistent. Deep breathing, coughing, and body movements can all exacerbate pain. Therefore, patients cannot change their position. Pain often starts from the primary lesion and spreads to the entire abdomen after inflammation spreads, but it is still most significant in the primary lesion site. |
| Nausea and Vomiting | These are common early symptoms. At the beginning, reflex nausea and vomiting are caused by stimulation of the peritoneum, and the vomit is gastric contents. When paralytic intestinal obstruction occurs in the later stage, the vomit turns yellow green or even brown fecal like intestinal contents. |
| Fever | Sudden onset of peritonitis may start with normal body temperature and gradually increase thereafter. Elderly patients with frailty may not necessarily experience an increase in body temperature as their condition worsens. The pulse usually increases with the rise of body temperature. |
Both dry and wet types can cause symptoms such as intermittent fever and decreased appetite. Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus is the most common disease causing cat deaths in recent years. Once it occurs, the mortality rate is almost 100%. Moreover, there are practical difficulties in diagnosing Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus, and it is generally believed that only histopathological examination can fully diagnose it.
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | Isotype | Application | |
| FIPV | DMAB-CS24375 | Magic™ Mouse Anti-FIPV Monoclonal antibody, clone 18Z38 | Mouse | IgG | ELISA (Cap), LFIA | Inquiry |
| DMAB-CS24376 | Magic™ Mouse Anti-FIPV Monoclonal antibody, clone 18Z39 | Mouse | IgG | ELISA (Det), LFIA | Inquiry |
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Size | Isotype | |
| FIPV | DAGA-3038 | Native Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus antigen | 1 mg | / | Inquiry |
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