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Bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease (BVD-MD), also known as bovine viral diarrhea disease, is a disease caused by the bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease virus (BVD-MDV) that occurs in cattle. The main characteristics of sick cows are fever, mucosal erosion and ulceration, leukopenia, diarrhea immune tolerance and persistent infection immune suppression, congenital defects, cough, miscarriage of pregnant cows, stillbirth or malformed fetuses. Bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease is a viral infectious disease that affects cattle of all ages, with young cattle being the most susceptible and affected by the secretion of infected cattle. Excrements, blood, and spleen all contain viruses, which can spread horizontally or vertically and cause congenital and persistent infections in calves.
Figure 1. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus.( Baker, John C..1987)
At least 17 different subtypes of BVDV-1 (BVDV-1a to BVDV-1q) have been identified so far, and BVDV-2 is further divided into four subtypes: BVDV-2a, BVDV-2b, BVDV-2c, and BVDV-2d. BVDV-2a genotype is widely distributed worldwide, with genotypes 2b, 2c, and 2d limited to South America. HoBi like virus, also known as BVDV-3 virus, suspected of BVDV, has been detected in South America, North America, and Australia.
Figure 2. Structure of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus.
The BVDV genome is a single stranded positive stranded RNA with a total length of approximately 12.5kb. This genome encodes and generates at least 11 mature proteins, among which Capsid, BVDV E0, BVDV E1, BVDV E2, and P7 are structural proteins of the virus, and the remaining 6 are non structural proteins. The type and host tendency of BVDV infected cells are related to E2 protein, but the mutation rate of E2 protein is relatively high, which allows BVDV to escape the host's immunity. BVDV can be classified into cytopathic and non cytopathic types based on their biological types. The production of cytopathic BVDV is due to certain gene mutations in its NS2/3 protein coding sequence, including gene duplication, insertion of cellular mRNA sequences, and point mutations. This causes the NS2/3 protein dimer to break down into two separate proteins, NS2 and NS3. This change leads to BVDV becoming capable of killing infected cells. Cytotoxic BVDV is usually isolated from animals that have been continuously infected, and the condition in these animals has often progressed to severe mucosal disease. There are studies showing that there are some BVDV isolates with cytopathic effects, which have gene mutations in the Npro gene, capsid protein gene, and NS4b protein gene. When the cytotoxic BVDV mutates and no longer causes disease, it is renamed as non cytotoxic BVDV according to its biological characteristics. In addition, based on the differences in the 5 '- NTR region of the BVDV genome, it can be divided into two genotypes, namely BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. Due to the nature of the single stranded genome, BVDV has a high mutation rate, which can lead to the emergence of new viral genotypes in some cases.
According to the severity and duration of bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease, it can be clinically divided into MD and chronic BVD. MD is a lethal disease syndrome. The clinical symptoms of chronic BVD include oral erosion, severe diarrhea, dehydration, leukopenia, and high fever. The characteristics of chronic BVD include intermittent diarrhea, mouth, nose, and toe ulcers, and weight loss several weeks to months after onset. Acute BVD is a common type that occurs in normal cattle, and the high titer antibodies produced after infection—often detected and characterized using the recombinant BVDV E2 protein as a specific antigen—eliminate the virus from the body. Clinically, it is classified as latent and mild. In the onset of this type of disease in cattle, the concentration and percentage of virus containing white blood cells in the serum are significantly lower than those in continuously infected cattle (P1 cattle). BVDV causes early embryonic death, reabsorption, miscarriage, lignification, congenital abnormalities, and stillbirth. P1 cows without clinical symptoms show no visible or microscopic changes in gastrointestinal mucosa and lymphoid tissue. Neutrophil and lymphocyte functions decrease in P1 cows. Some P1 cows experience premature birth, growth arrest, difficulty breastfeeding, and reduced resistance to diseases.
| Virus Epidemiology | Details |
| Source of infection | Infected and virus-infected animals are the main sources of transmission for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). The secretions, urine, blood, semen, and aborted fetuses of diseased animals can all cause BVD in cattle farms. It is now believed that persistent infection of cows (PI) is the main source of BVD |
| Route of Transmission | BVDV can infect hosts through horizontal and vertical transmission. BVDV can also be transmitted through the respiratory and digestive tracts, as well as through placental mating and artificial insemination to directly infect susceptible animals. BVDV can enter the fetal body through the membrane barrier, and the resulting fetus is a PI cow, which carries the virus and detoxifies for life. Persistent infection can lead to reproductive diseases such as miscarriage, fetal death, follicular dysfunction, and a decrease in dairy cow production. Immune suppression can also result in the co-occurrence of diseases. Detecting and eliminating PI cattle is the key and difficult point in preventing and treating this disease. |
| Communication Characteristics | BVD is often endemic and seasonal, with outbreaks occurring in closed intensive farms. There are many acute cases of this disease in new epidemic areas, but few in old epidemic areas. Most of them are recessive infections with low incidence rate and mortality. BVD can occur throughout the year, but is more common in winter and spring. |
| Diagnostic Method | Details |
| Serological diagnostic methods | The most commonly used serological diagnostic method is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which includes indirect ELISA for detecting antibodies and antigen capture ELISA for detecting antigens. In addition, virus neutralization test (VNT) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) can also be used to detect BVDV. In laboratory testing, virus neutralization test and antigen capture ELISA are the most commonly used detection techniques, which comply with the pathogen detection method requirements recommended by OIE. |
| Molecular Biology Techniques | The most widely used molecular biology techniques in the laboratory are RT-PCR and real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR detection of ear tissue or blood samples. Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR has the advantages of high specificity, strong sensitivity, speed, and good repeatability. At the same time, the sensitivity of real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR is 100 times higher than that of RT-PCR. According to the BVDV international standard strain gene sequence, a pair of specific primers were designed and synthesized at its most conserved 5-terminal non coding region sequence. The amplified product can also be used for subsequent gene sequencing and analysis. In addition, BVDV monoclonal antibody technology can also be used for the diagnosis of BVDV. |
| Electron Microscopy Observation | Electron microscopy technology is rarely used for the diagnosis of BVD, but in pathogen research, electron microscopy observation is one of the commonly used techniques. Diagnosis can be made by directly negative staining fresh samples or cell cultures, or by making ultra-thin sections and observing the morphological characteristics of virus particles under electron microscopy. Zhao Yuelan et al. (1251) negatively stained BVDV isolates with phosphotungstic acid and observed the morphology and structure of the virus under electron microscopy. The virus particles had a diameter of 40-60 nanometers and a slightly circular shape, which was basically consistent with BVDV particles. |
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae, and is an important pathogen that seriously endangers the global cattle industry. It can infect cattle of all ages, causing a series of clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, mucosal disease, reproductive disorders (abortion, stillbirth), and immunosuppression. BVDV is divided into multiple subtypes, among which BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BVDV-3 are the main subtypes with significant differences in pathogenicity and epidemiological characteristics. To target these distinct subtypes for detection, identification, and related research, specific immunological tools have been developed, including Rabbit Anti-BVDV-1 Erns Polyclonal antibody, Rabbit Anti-BVDV-2 E2 Polyclonal antibody, and Rabbit Anti-BVDV-3 E2 Polyclonal antibody—these antibodies specifically recognize the Erns or E2 proteins of their corresponding BVDV subtypes, providing reliable support for epidemiological surveillance and laboratory diagnosis. The virus is highly contagious, mainly transmitted through direct contact between infected and susceptible cattle, or through contaminated feed, water, and biological products, posing a major threat to the economic benefits of the cattle industry.
Strict quarantine must be carried out for imported and exported animals and biological products, and monitoring of BVDV contamination in animal biological products and purification of BVDV in livestock herds must be strengthened. Finally, establish and improve the BVDV detection system, especially to detect and eliminate PI cattle. Strengthen prevention work by administering specific vaccines to livestock herds, and improve feeding management and veterinary epidemic prevention systems.
Reference
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | Isotype | Application | |
| BVDV | DPAB-CS24541 | Rabbit Anti-BVDV-1 Erns Polyclonal antibody | Rabbit | IgG | ELISA | Inquiry |
| DPAB-CS24542 | Rabbit Anti-BVDV-3 E2 Polyclonal antibody | Rabbit | IgG | ELISA | Inquiry | |
| DPAB-CS24543 | Rabbit Anti-BVDV-2 E2 Polyclonal antibody | Rabbit | IgG | ELISA | Inquiry | |
| CABT-BL8925 | Anti-BVDV-1 E2 gp53 monoclonal antibody | Mouse | IgG2a | IFA, IIP, Neut | Inquiry | |
| CABT-BL8926 | Anti-BVDV1&2 E2 gp53 monoclonal antibody, clone 32K4 | Mouse | IgG1 | IFA, IIP | Inquiry | |
| CABT-BL8927 | Anti-BVDV1&2 E2 gp53 monoclonal antibody, clone 32K5 | Mouse | IgG2b | IFA, IIP, Neut | Inquiry | |
| CABT-BL8928 | Anti-BVDV1&2 monoclonal antibody | Mouse | IgG2b | IFA, IHC, ELISA | Inquiry | |
| CABT-BL8929 | Anti-BVDV2 E2 gp53 monoclonal antibody, clone 58K1 | Mouse | IgG2a | IFA, IIP, WB | Inquiry | |
| CABT-BL8930 | Anti-BVDV2 E2 gp53 monoclonal antibody, clone 58K2 | Mouse | IgG2a | IFA, IIP | Inquiry | |
| CABT-BL8924 | Anti-BVDV polyclonal antibody | Goat | IgG | IFA | Inquiry |
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | |
| BVDV | DAG-WT1126 | Recombinant BVDV E2 Protein | 1 mg | Inquiry |
| DAG-WT1136 | Inactivated Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) | 1 mL | Inquiry |
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